Human Development: Aging Summary
Definition of Aging
- Sequence of physical, psychosocial, and cognitive changes throughout the human lifespan.
Key Concepts in Aging
- Gerontology: Study of the aging process.
- Geriatrics: Medical specialty for elderly diseases.
- Gerontological Nursing: Nursing specialty focused on older adults.
Demographics of Aging
- 46 million U.S. adults age 65+ today; projected to reach 90 million by 2050.
- By 2030, 1 in 5 Americans will be 65 or older.
Theories of Aging
- Biological Theories: Gene Theory, Free Radical Theory, etc.
- Psychosocial Theories: Disengagement, Continuity, Activity Theory.
Myths and Realities
- Many stereotypes about aging are unfounded; ageism is a common issue.
Importance of Gerontological Nursing
- Understanding aging as a natural process helps in positive healthcare attitudes.
Skin & Hair
- Wrinkles, gray hair, loss of elasticity, dry skin, age spots.
Cardiovascular System
- 40% decrease in cardiac output; increased BP and vascular resistance.
Respiratory System
- Decreased muscle strength and vital capacity post-55.
Gastrointestinal System
- Slower peristalsis, decreased digestive enzymes, and altered taste sensation.
Renal System
- Reduced renal blood flow and capacity; urinary incontinence risks.
Musculoskeletal System
- Height loss, increased bone porosity, and muscle mass reduction.
Sensory Perception
- Changes in vision (presbyopia), hearing loss (presbycusis), decreased taste and smell sensitivity.
Reproductive System
- Changes in hormone levels, sexual function, and tissue elasticity.
Neurological System
- Slower cognitive and physical responses; increased risk of confusion.
Nursing Considerations
- Consider physiological changes in skin, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, musculoskeletal, sensory, reproductive, and neurological systems.
- Emphasize preventive, supportive care tailored to older adults.