flashcards

Binomial System of Classification	Is a system in which they name organisms by two names. Helps describe biological diversity and makes sense of groups of organisms
Lamarck Idea	He thought that evolutionary changes happens with there lifetime and then in passed on to their offspring (NOT TRUE)
Uniformitarianism	And idea that geologic changes (earthquakes, volcanoes ect) have occurred in the past and also occurs now
Aristotle & Linnaeus Idea	Knowledge of diversity in the natural world and ways to classify this diversity
Lamarck Idea 2	The importance of organic change & Environment in making change
Lyell Idea	The ancient origin of the natural world

Experience that influenced Darwin’s thinking	Darwin gained appreciation for organic diversity Experienced an earthquake which lead to his fascination with natural geological processes Uncovered fossil bones Observation of diversity among animal species in the Galapagos Islands Reading Thomas Malthus “An Essay on the Principle of Population” Observation of the power of artificial selection by plant & animal breeders
Darwin's Wonderings	Why certain species made it, others didn't, why others were modified over time
Darwin’s finding in the Galapagos Islands	That slight changes must be related to difference in the local island habitats
Darwin’s recognized	descendants from a single mainland ancestor who came to the island in the past so then they become modified or diversified
Thomas Malthus “An Essay on the Principle of Population”	Argued the “struggle for existence” is that human population reproduce faster than the rate of food production
↑ Led to Darwin’s conclusion	That species with better characteristics would be more likely to survive in worse conditions so they would reproduce better than species with worse characteristics
Adaptations	Are species with better characteristics that tend to survive better
Domestic animal & plant breeding	Where breeders choose certain individuals of species so that the traits would be emphasized in offspring (Artificial Selection)
Darwin published his first edition Key ideas:	Biological Evolution is a fact Species were not fixed but characteristics of ancestors of organisms change through time Common Descent All species descended from a common ancestor and over time have slight modifications Gradualism Evolution of many small steps occurring gradually Natural Selection The mechanism for the origin of new species
Natural Selection occurs when there is	1. Variability 2. Heritability 3. Struggle for Existence 4. Differential Reproduction/Survivability
Darwin’s theory contrast Lamarcks	Darwin’s theory emphasized the importance of Variation in the original population The survival and reproduction of some individuals over others, natural selection favors long necks (giraffes) ERROR Lamarck’s thinking that evolutionary changes happens with there lifetime
Natural Selection the Mechanism	Darwin observed pattern of the relationship between organisms Fitness is how well adapted individuals are to their environmental circumstances Adaptation is a process by which organisms over generation acquire characteristics that are better for there environmental needs Geographical isolation may be a force in the origin of species
Descent with Modification	The pattern of diversity that had been recognized was a reflection of two things Evolutionary relatedness similarities among organisms, which are determined by the time since their divergence from a common ancestor Adaptation the modification of descendant species in response to their environments
Fitness	Birds with deeper beaks survived and were able to reproduce - they had greater fitness
Natural Selection	Natural Selection is the mechanism by which evolution occurs

Blending Inheritance	Both parents contribution is averaged out “blended” in the offspring
Problem of Darwin's Theory	The loss of Variation over time Darwin problem was that the offspring would have a mixed form and would not have the fitness advantages of the parents with the new trait. So with each generation the advantageous trait would be blended out of existence. So natural selection could not work with this theory.
Gregor Mendel Common Garden Pea Plant	Easy to control pollination It shows variation in a number of different traits Pure-breeding lines could be identified
Pure Breeding	Is a population that only breeds true they have no variation. Ex: green parent always produce green offspring
Monohybrid cross - Mendel	He investigated the inheritance of a single trait (seed color)
F1 Generation - Medel’s first cross	Was different to the blending theory because the individuals were not made up of a mixed form. One trait was shown instead of the other. Was true for all true-breeding crosses
F2 Generation - Medel’s second cross	The green seed trait disappeared in the F1 generation but reappeared in F2. Medel called the traits that were seen in F1 Dominant and Traits that disappeared in the F1 Recessive
Particulate Inheritance	Medel knew that the reappearance of the green seeds in F2 suggests that the reason for making the green seeds must also have been present in F1 as well he argued that traits must be two discrete units of heredity which he called “factors”
Dominate	The trait that masks the appearance of the other trait
Recessive	The trait that is masked by the dominant form
Alleles	They are variations in a gene that can lead to different traits
Phenotype	The appearance of a trait, you can actually observe it - Physical outcome
Genotype	It describes an organism's complete set of genes - Underlying genes
Homozygous	an organism has two identical copies of the same gene Ex: If someone inherits the gene for blue eyes from both parents, they are homozygous for blue eyes.
Heterozygous	An organism has two different alleles for a particular gene one inherited from each parent. This means that the gene has one dominant allele and one recessive allele. Ex: If someone inherits the gene for brown eyes from mom but blue eyes from dad, the person will have brown eyes, even though they carry the recessive allele for blue eyes. But in future generation they can still pass on the blue allele
Punnett Square	Dominant (Always uppercase letter) recessive (Always lower case letter) Each square represents 25% Ratio Dominant:recessive (4:0, 2:2 ect)
Dihybrid Cross	where two individuals who are both heterozygous for two different traits are crossed
Somatic Cells & 2) Sex Cells	Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. Ova - eggs cells (females) , Sperm (male)
Mitosis	Is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells. It’s needed for growth, repair/replacement The two daughter cells are called (diploid)
Phases of Mitosis	The result: is that two daughter cells are identical to each other and identical to the original cell
Meiosis	cell division that produces reproductive cells (gametes)eggs and sperm
Phases of Meiosis	Has two phases of division Reduction Division: chromosome number is reduced to the haploid number Second Division: in which four daughter cells are formed.

Nucleotides are comprised of three components	Each nucleotide contains 1 of 4 different nitrogen bases; Purines (A&G) are structurally similar Pyrimidines (C&T) are structurally similar A = adenine T = thymine G = guanine C = cytosine
Only specific bases bond together	A = adenine T = thymine *This is the key to DNA replicating G = guanine C = cytosine itself
DNA Functions	Carrying our genetic codes, DNA replication, DNA codes for the synthesis of proteins
DNA Replication	Occurs before the cell divides in both mitosis and meiosis. Which results in two identical copies of the DNA molecule
The Genetic Code; Condon	A sequences of three nucleotides bases which then code for one amino acid
DNA Mutation	Is a alliteration in the genetic code; Mutations are constantly happening randomly; If this occurs in the genetic information during meiosis it can be passed down to the next generation