PSYC 201 Unit 10

^^Theory of instinct^^

• Charles Darwin
  • Innate behaviour
  • Survival and reproduction
  • Individual differences
  • Cultural differences
• Not a reflex-instincts (spider spinning webs, birds flying south in v formation)
• Maternal instinct-rush of hormones to induce care for a child
• Mating instincts-mirrors/appearance, sex was not taught “get horny and figure it out”
  Theory of Drive
• Homeostasis
  • Motivated to stay balance
• Threshold
  • Deficits
• Decreasing tensions
• Theory of arousal (Hebb)
  • Decrease when stressed
  • Increase when bored
  • Extroverts/introverts
  • Bell curve peak performance (shifts for individuals)
  • Extroverts are understimulated
  • Introverts are more susceptible to being overstimulated-migraines?
  • Does not explain emotions
  • Limitations
  • Too biological
    • Cognitions
    • Emotions
    • Social skills

23/01/2023

^^Hunger motivation^^

• Cues
  • Food clip art, pop can, smell, ads
• Time
  • Time of day, lunch
• Location
  • Fridge, candy bowl
• Overeating causes
  • Availability (plate size, serve yourself, family style eat more), diversity (different types=eat more), sizes

^^Short-term Appetite^^

• Glucostatic hypothesis
• Hypothalamus
  • Drop in blood sugar cues
  • Not eat=high sugar foods cravings
• Stomach distension
  • Stretch sensors

^^Long-term Energy Balance^^

• Ghrelin the gremlin (released by adipose tissues)
  • Appetite stimulator
  • Emotional eating (crying releases ghrelin)
  • Dieting raises baseline ghrelin levels
• Leptin (from stomach lining)
  • Antagonistic to ghrelin
  • Appetite suppressor
• Set-point theory (can never get rid of fat cells, body will attempt to return to the highest body weight it has been)
  • Biologically determined
  • Size of fat cells
  • Rises with age
  • Rises with each (re)gain

^^Sexual motivation^^

• Pyhsiological and psychological
• Testosterone (10x more in men)
  • Physiological and psychological arousal are linked in men
  • Hard to talk about sex without getting aroused
• Oxytocin (10x more in women)
  • Not inherently connected to a physiological response
• Sexual response cycle (cis men)
  • Desire (stage 1)
  • Look and see someone who looks attractive
  • Arousal (stage 2)
  • “petting and touching”
  • Blood flow to crotch
  • Orgasm (stage 3)
  • “the big moment”
  • Resolution (stage 4)
  • Can get tired after
  • Refractory period in the neuron
• Sexual response cycle (women)
  • Desire is same
  • Arousal is same
  • No orgasm
  • May not be experienced even in healthy and happy relationships
  • One orgasm
  • Multiple orgasms
  • Spike in oxytocin can create a desire to cuddle
• Sexual selection
  • Men
  • Need to spread genetics
  • Fertility-focus on fertility of partner (wider hips, body fat, child-bearing age, healthy skin, symmetry, “boobies”, blonde may indicate fertility in some cultures)
  • Paternity (less likely want to adopt, make sure their genetics survive)
  • Access to mates (more interested in higher number of potential partners, may need to fight for mates-money/peacocking, height, athletic ability, dominance
  • Women
  • Need to invest in limited offspring (only can get pregnant so much)
  • Intersexual competitions-(less common to fight other women for access to mate), pickier about sexual partners “that don’t impress me much-Shania Twain”
  • Genetic desirability-Physiological or psychological atypicalities-more judgemental,
  • Resources-interested in providers, help build the nest

^^Sexual orientation^^

• Spectrum
  • Kinsey scale
• Finger lengths
• Hair swirls
• Brain development
  • Straight men and lesbians have similar type brains???
  • Straight women and gay men have similar type brains???
• Understand 5 categories of spectrums

^^Self-Determination^^

• Ryan & Deci
• Innate
  • Autonomy
  • Do it on your own
  • Freedom over self (toddlerhood and grows through lifespan)
  • No autonomy=no motivation
  • Competence
  • Feel like they can do things themselves
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Relatedness
  • Make feel connected to others or something larger than themselves
  • Looking for attention means looking for a connection
  • Hiking can make you feel connected to nature-have a choice in going for a hike and ability to survive hike
  • Don’t demean someone when they do something you want
  • May grow into secondary need
  • Power motivation (autonomy)
  • Influential
    • Good/evil (leaders, Martin Luther King, not for profit)
  • Competitive-win/be recognized
  • Inspirational
  • Civic engagement
  • Power saturation (autonomy)
  • only focus on power on not success—-Kanye West, Sauron (LOTR), Hitler, Stalin
  • Low success (if one person high in power saturation the group does not do as well)
  • Relationships (divorce, don’t llisten to the other person)
    • Poor coping strategies
  • Health risks
    • Higher rates of alcoholism
  • Aggression
  • Prestige

^^Intimacy motivation^^

• Thinking about relationships
• Pleasant emoptions
• Smile, laugh, eye contact
  • Body language
• Listening skills
• Self-disclosure
  • Be vulnerable so the other can be vulnerable
• Well-adjusted (high intimacy motivation)
  • Stress
  • Better coping techniques
  • Longer sustaining relationships
  • Substances
  • Less likely to abuse substances

<<Achievement motivation<<

• Standards of excellence
  • Task competition
  • Just get the degree, just finish it, doesn’t matter how well
  • Self competition
  • To some degree it is okay, improve cake decorating over time, get personal best, be better version of yourself
  • Can go wrong if it’s unrealistic for yourself
  • Competition with others
  • Not content with high gpa, win scholarship that compares you with others
  • Can be okay if it is realistic for you
• Moderate challenge
  • Find it very engaging
  • Succeed with reasonable amount of effort
• Feedback
  • Different from praise, more informational
• Personal responsibility
  • Detest group work

^^Self-actualisation^^

• Maslow
  • Plagiarized from indigenous communities
• Base level=security, safety, physiological
• Medium level=self-esteem/belonging
• Top level=self actualisation
• Transcendance
  • Everything makes sense and feel like you’re on the right path
  • Feel satisfied with your path
  • Can be a goal (graduation, married)
  • Can be in nature
  • Can be spiritual
  • Only 2% make it to self-actualisation

^^Theory of emotion^^

• James-lange=physiology
  • Arousal—physiological reaction—emotion
  • Physiology causes emotion
  • ‘Bullshit’
  • No appraisal
• Lazarus=appraisal
  • Arousal—appraisal—physiological—emotion
  • Interpretation of arousal will cause the physiological and therefore emotion
• Schachter-singer most likely=both at the same time
  • Arousal—appraisal (fore brain)—emotion
  • Arousal—physiological (lymbic system)—emotion

^^Primary emotions^^ (joy, sadness, anger, fear, contempt, disgust, surprise)

• Ekman
  • Very good at analyzing facial expressions and micro expressions
• Facial expression
  • Culturally universal
• Culture
  • Individuals blind from birth exhibit the same facial expressions
• Motivation
• Joy
  • Success
  • Broaden attention
  • Physical broadening of chest
  • Thoughts, behaviours
  • Relationships
  • More interested in relationships
  • Genuine smile
  • Submissive smile
  • Walk into crowded elevator
  • Politeness
  • Non-threat
  • Hardwired for good?
  • Schadenfreude

01/02/2023

• Primary emotions may not feel great but still necessary
• Socialization affects displays of certain emotions
• Cultural differences in emotions or expression
  • Boys don’t cry
  • Grief-Britain (don’t show emotions), Italy (screaming widow through the streets)
  • Pride/happiness-Asia (Don’t gloat), America (boasting)
  • Women cannot be angry, men can’t show love
• Sadness
  • Strongest emotion-impacts brain imaging the most
  • Loss, failure
  • Reflection
  • Support
  • Physiological changes
  • Slow, eyebrows up in the middle, slowness in chest and arms, shoulders curl, muscles feel numb and slow, lose energy when sad, cry, time to contemplate and grieve loss-cognitively restructure and process the loss, crying brings others to comfort you-signal for help
  • Anger over being afraid over being sad (safer than fear safer than sadness)
• Anger
  • Obstacle to success
  • Anger when something blocks you (car going slow, person being loud when trying to relax, politicians may block your goals)
  • Gain power and control
  • Respond by trying to dominate the obstacle
  • Physiological changes
  • Chest gets hot (vagus nerve), shoulders flexing, energy rising, feel taller, voice deepens and becomes louder, in warm rooms people are more prone to anger, brow furrow
  • Biofeedback
  • Change one thing, the others may begin to change as well
• Surprise
  • Short lived emotion
  • Novelty (precursor to other emotions)
  • Information gain
  • Gather more information to determine if something is harmful or good, etc.
  • Physiological
  • Eyebrows up in middle, mouth open, heart might flutter/“skip a beat”
• Fear
  • Identifying threat
  • Real present threat = fear, not anxiety
  • See a bear, hydroplane, covid o Seeking protection
  • Physiological responses
  • Eyebrows go up, eyes wider, corners of mouth wider, eyes dilate, tension, tightness in chest, power goes to legs,
• Contempt
  • Judging others as inferior
  • “Why do you think this is reasonable”
  • Putting them in their place
  • “This is what im contributing to the project” “you think that’s good”
  • Resting bitch face (neutral expression perceived as contempt)
  • Maintain social hierarchy (evolutionary purpose)
  • Physiological changes
  • Facial expressions (often asymmetrical-eyebrow raise, smirk), not much response below the neck, body language (hands on the hips)
• Disgust
  • Repulsion
  • Biological
  • Can be conditioned to be repulsed by other things (can be people)
  • Contamination
  • Gag at (prevent ingestion of substances)
  • Wrinkle nose/squint (prevent ingesting mood spores)
  • Physiological reaction
  • Maybe nausea

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