Organic Chemistry

Molar Volume of Gases

  • Definition: Molar volume of gases refers to the volume occupied by one mole of any gas.

  • Standard Conditions: 1 mole of gas occupies 22.4 dm³ at 0 °C (273 K) and 1 atmosphere (101.3 kPa).

Intermolecular Forces (Van der Waals Forces)

Types of Intermolecular Forces

  • Dipole-Dipole Forces: Interactions between two polar molecules.

  • Induced Dipole Forces (London Forces): Attraction between non-polar molecules that can become polar through temporary dipoles.

  • Hydrogen Bonding: Special case of dipole-dipole forces involving hydrogen covalently bonded to nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine.

Boiling Point

  • Definition: The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a substance equals atmospheric pressure.

  • Influence of Intermolecular Forces: The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point.

Melting Point

  • Definition: The temperature at which solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium.

  • Influence of Intermolecular Forces: The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the melting point.

Vapor Pressure

  • Definition: The pressure exerted by vapor in equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.

  • Influence of Intermolecular Forces: The stronger the intermolecular forces, the lower the vapor pressure.

Organic Molecules

  • Definition: Organic molecules are compounds that contain carbon atoms.

Molecular Formula

  • Definition: A formula that indicates the type and number of atoms in a molecule.

Structural Formula

  • Definition: A representation showing which atoms are bonded to which within a molecule, using chemical symbols and bond lines.

Condensed Structural Formula

  • Definition: A notation representing how atoms are bonded together without showing all the bond lines.

Hydrocarbons

  • Definition: Organic compounds consisting solely of hydrogen and carbon.

Homologous Series

  • Definition: A series of organic compounds sharing the same general formula, differing by a -CH₂ group.

Saturated Compounds

  • Definition: Compounds with no multiple bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.

Unsaturated Compounds

  • Definition: Compounds containing one or more multiple bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains.

Functional Group

  • Definition: A bond, atom, or group of atoms influencing the chemical and physical properties of organic compounds.

Structural Isomer

  • Definition: Organic molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

Types of Structural Isomers

  • Chain Isomers: Same molecular formula but differ in chain structure.

  • Positional Isomers: Same molecular formula but differ in the position of side chains or functional groups.

  • Functional Isomers: Same molecular formula but with different functional groups.

Hydrohalogenation

  • Definition: The addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene.

Halogenation

  • Definition: The reaction of a halogen (e.g., Br₂, Cl₂) with a compound.

Hydration

  • Definition: The addition of water to a compound.

Hydrogenation

  • Definition: The addition of hydrogen to an alkene.

Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkanes

  • Definition: The elimination of hydrogen and a halogen from a haloalkane.

Dehydration of Alcohols

  • Definition: The elimination of water from an alcohol.

Cracking of Alkanes

  • Definition: A chemical process breaking down longer-chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful molecules.

Hydrolysis

  • Definition: The reaction of a compound with water.

Macromolecule

  • Definition: A molecule comprised of a large number of atoms.

Polymer

  • Definition: A large molecule formed from smaller monomer units covalently bonded in a repeating pattern.

Monomer

  • Definition: Small organic molecules that can bond together in a repeating fashion to form polymers.

Polymerisation

  • Definition: A chemical reaction where monomers join to form a polymer.

Addition Polymerisation

  • Definition: A reaction where small molecules unite to form large molecules by adding across double bonds.

Addition Polymer

  • Definition: A polymer resulting from the combination of monomers (often containing a double bond) through an addition reaction.

Condensation Polymerisation

  • Definition: A reaction in which two monomers with different functional groups combine through condensation, usually losing a small molecule like water.

Condensation Polymer

  • Definition: A polymer formed by two different monomers linked through a condensation reaction, with the loss of a small molecule, typically water.