Political Systems -> Human Geo

REVIEW PG. 241 - 244 FOR THESE DEFINITIONS

State → borders, government, sovereignty, population (a politically organized independent territory with a government, defined borders, and a permanent population; a country)

Nations → groups with shared religion, heritage, ethnicity, background (a cultural entity made up of people who have forged a common identity through a shared language, religion, heritage, or ethnicity—often all four of these)

Nation - State → a group of people sharing a nationality with the same political boundary as nationality boundary (ex: Japan) → (a politically organized and recognized territory composed of a group of people who consider themselves to be a nation)

Multistate Nation → a nation spread over multiple states (ex: Arab) → (people who share a cultural or ethnic background but live in more than one country)

Multinational State → a state containing multiple nations (ex: Iran) → (a country with various ethnicities and cultures living inside its borders)

Stateless Nation → a nation that doesn’t have a particular state it’s associated with (ex: Muslims, Kurd) → (a people united by culture, language, history, and tradition but not possessing a state)

Sovereignty → allowing people to govern themselves in their own state (the right of a government to control and defend its territory and determine what happens within its borders)

Autonomous → freedom to govern themselves and under themselves/by themselves (ex: they have their own currency) → an example is northern cypress → country but not a country (ex: Hong Kong) → (having the authority to govern territories independently of the national government; for example, by having a separate currency)

Semi Autonomous → they kinda self-govern but also need to rely under a larger government (Kurds, Reservations) → (describing a region that is given partial authority to govern its territories independently from the national government)

Additional terms not covered yet:

Irredentism: attempts by a state to acquire territories in neighboring states inhabited by people of the same nation

REVIEW PAGES 245-249 FOR THESE DEFINITIONS:

Irredentism - states taking over/retaking their nationality which is in a different state (Russians taking over Ukrainian territory where there is more ethnic Russians, Germany taking back an area of Czechoslovakia where there was a ton of Germans, Hong Kong, Taiwan)

Colonialism → world powers taking over/colonizing smaller areas (ex: European powers taking over Africa). → the practice of claiming and dominating overseas territories

Imperialism → someone gaining power by taking over others via military force → the push to create an empire by exercising force or influence to control other nations or peoples

Neocolonialism - reliance on world powers post independence, often via debt (Nigeria → China is all over Nigeria setting up its grid system and water supplies and energy sectors - Nigeria is heavily in debt to China and will be giving almost all of its resources to China) → the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries especially former dependencies

Shatterbelts - areas fractured by devolution (Soviet Union down to Russia and post cold war areas) → a region where states form, join, and break up because of ongoing, sometimes violent conflicts among parties and because they are caught between the interests of more powerful outside states

Devolution - breaking down smaller parts (Balkan area) → the process that occurs when the central power in a state is broken up among regional authorities within its borders

Self-Determination - an individuals right to chose their government, irredentism takes this away → the right of all people to choose their own political status

TEXTBOOK PGS 240-249 ADDITIONAL TERMS

Political geography: the study of the ways in which the world is organized as a reflection of the power different groups hold over territory

Territoriality: the attempt to influence or control people and events by delimiting (describing the limits of something) and asserting control over a geographic area; the connection of people, their culture, and their economic systems to the land

Choke point: a narrow, strategic passageway to another place through which it is difficult pass

PAGES 249-257

EEZ - Exclusive Economic Zone → you would have access to oil drilling, fishing rights, etc. but it’s not technically your border (an area that extends 200 nautical miles from a state’s coast; a state has sole access to resources found within the waters or beneath the sea floor of its EEZ)

Maritime Borders → only twelve miles away from where your land ends

Delimit - borders drawn on map

Demarcated - borders with physical boundaries

Consequent - considers ethnicity/groups ( a type of subsequent boundary that takes into account the differences that exist within a cultural landscape, separating groups that have distinct languages, religions, ethnicities, or other traits)

Super imposed - drawn over existing borders, outside force (a border drawn over existing accepted borders by an outside or conquering force)

Antecedent - border before settlement (a border established before an area becomes heavily settled)

Subsequent - border after settlement (a border drawn in an area that has been settled and where cultural landscapes exist or are in the process of being established)

Geometric - straight lines, often antecedent (a mathematically drawn boundary that typically follows lines of latitude and longitude or is a straight-line arc between two points)

PAGES 254-257

Relic: a former boundary that no longer has an official function

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS - the international agreement that established the structure of maritime boundaries)

PAGES 277-286

Ethnic separatism: the process by which people of a particular ethnicity in a multinational state identify more strongly as members of their ethnic group than as citizens of the state

Ethnic cleansing: the process by which a state attacks an ethnic group and tries to eliminate it through expulsion, imprisonment, or killing

Devolution happens because of the division of groups of people by physical geography (prompted by the distance that exists within a state from its center of power or challenges with unity due to disruptive major topographical features), ethnic separatism, the practice of ethnic cleansing or terrorism, and the policy of irredentism, as well as economic and social problems (variations in economic productivity or development between regions in a state, funds allocated to different regions differently, discrimination, etc).

Supranational organization: an alliance of three or more states that work together in pursuit of common goals or to address an issue or challenge → benefits: can benefit economically (increased trade and bargaining power), create economies of scale (more goods and services for less money), heightened military power (combined military power is much more than the individual countries), collaboration, ease of travel (appealing to citizens) → downsides: commitments that can challenge the sovereignty of member states that might limit political and economic actions, financial distress of certain member states, group’s consolidated immigration policies and border security (ex: free movement of labor can cause overcrowding in some cities), struggles to harmonize an asylum policy

Economies of scale: cost reductions that occur when production rises