Inheritance

Front of flashcard: What are chromosomes?

Back of flashcard: Chromosomes are long threads found in the nucleus of every cell that contain one very long molecule of DNA carrying a code that instructs the cell about which kinds of proteins it should make.

Front of flashcard: What is a gene?

Back of flashcard: A gene is a part of a DNA molecule coding for one protein.

Front of flashcard: How do genes determine traits?

Back of flashcard: Genes on chromosomes determine traits such as eye and hair color, nose shape, and genetic diseases inherited from parents.

Front of flashcard: What is cell division?

Back of flashcard: Cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells

Front of flashcard: What is a diploid cell?

Back of flashcard: A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Humans have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, in each diploid cell.

Front of flashcard: What is a haploid cell?

Back of flashcard: A haploid cell has a single set of chromosomes. Gametes, such as sperm and egg cells, are haploid.

Front of flashcard: What is mitosis?

Back of flashcard: Mitosis is the process by which any cell divides into two daughter cells to replace damaged ones or for growth. It is also used in asexual reproduction.

Front of flashcard: What happens before mitosis?

Back of flashcard: Before mitosis, the chromosomes in the parent cell are copied and each chromosome is made up of two identical threads called chromatids joined together at the centromere.

Front of flashcard: What is a centromere?

Back of flashcard: A centromere is the point where two identical chromatids are held together in a chromosome.

Front of flashcard: How many chromosomes are present in a cell after mitosis?

Back of flashcard: After mitosis, each of the two new daughter cells has one copy of each chromosome from the parent cell.

Front of flashcard: What is the purpose of mitosis?

Back of flashcard: Mitosis helps in the growth and repair of an organism's body by producing new cells to replace damaged ones. It is also used in asexual reproduction to produce genetically identical cells.

Front of flashcard: What happens during mitosis?

Back of flashcard: During mitosis, each chromosome splits and one chromatid from each chromosome goes into each daughter cell.

Front of flashcard: What is the purpose of chromosome duplication?

Back of flashcard: Chromosome duplication occurs during the growth of a cell, and it produces an exact copy of each chromosome, so that the cells are ready to divide again.

Front of flashcard: What is the result of mitosis?

Back of flashcard: The result of mitosis is the production of two daughter cells, each with an identical copy of the parent cell's chromosomes.

Front of flashcard: How does mitosis contribute to growth and repair?

Back of flashcard: Mitosis produces new cells to replace damaged ones, contributing to the repair of an organism's body. It also helps in the growth of an organism's body.

Front of flashcard: Are the daughter cells produced by mitosis identical or different from the parent cell? Back of flashcard: The daughter cells produced by mitosis are identical to the parent cell, as they contain an exact copy of the parent cell's chromosomes.

Front:

What is meiosis?
How many chromosomes do gametes have?
What is the purpose of meiosis?
What is genetic variation?
How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

Back:

Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.
Gametes have one set of chromosomes instead of two.
The purpose of meiosis is to share out the chromosomes so that each new cell gets just one of each type, producing genetically diverse offspring.
Genetic variation refers to the differences in genetic makeup among individuals of a species.
Meiosis contributes to genetic variation by randomly shuffling and distributing homologous chromosomes during cell division, resulting in new combinations of genetic information in offspring.

Front:

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can develop into different cell types.
Mitosis is the way in which any cell divides when an organism is growing, or repairing a damaged part of its body.
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces gametes, which have half the number of chromosomes of a normal body cell.
Dif erentiation is the process by which cells take on different roles and switch particular sets of genes on or off.

Back:

Stem cells can be used for medical research and therapies because they have the potential to develop into any type of cell in the body.
Mitosis produces genetically identical cells, which is important for growth and tissue repair.
Meiosis produces genetically diverse gametes, which is important for sexual reproduction and genetic variation.
Diferentiation involves switching genes on or off to produce cells with specific functions and characteristics.

Altele:

Meiosis involves two rounds of cell division: meiosis I and meiosis II.
Homologous chromosomes pair together during meiosis.
Crossing over occurs during meiosis, where genetic information is exchanged between homologous chromosomes.
Stem cells in the very early embryo are called embryonic stem cells, and they can produce every kind of specialized cell in the body.
Adult stem cells are able to divide and produce different types of specialized cells, but the range of cells they can produce is limited.
Genes are sets of instructions for producing proteins that determine different traits in organisms.
Different forms of a gene are called alleles.
Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles for a particular gene, while heterozygous individuals have two different alleles.
In chinchillas, fur color is determined by different forms of the fur color gene, which are referred to as alleles.
Phenotype is the physical or observable characteristics of an organism, while genotype refers to its genetic makeup.
Alleles are different forms of a gene that occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes.
Homozygous individuals have two identical alleles of a particular gene (e.g. GG or gg), while heterozygous individuals have two different alleles (e.g. Gg).
Dominant alleles have an effect on the phenotype even when present in only one copy, while recessive alleles only affect the phenotype when present in two copies.
A carrier is an individual who is heterozygous for a recessive trait and does not show the phenotype, but can pass the recessive allele to their offspring.
In genetics, probabilities of offspring genotypes are only predictions and may not match actual outcomes with small numbers, but become more accurate with larger numbers of offspring.
Test crosses can be used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype by crossing it with one known to have the homozygous recessive genotype for the same gene.
Pure-breeding strains are populations of animals or plants that always produce offspring just like themselves and are homozygous for the pure-breeding characteristics.
The last pairs of chromosomes in humans, known as sex chromosomes, determine an individual's sex: females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).