EAPS 106 Exam 1 Purdue

Unit 1 – Plate Tectonics
1. The Earth’s interior layers and which is thickest/thinnest.
2. What a solar nebula is.
3. Where the heat come from that causes new planets to be extremely hot inside.
4. Why the inner core is hotter than the outer core yet is a solid.
5. Why the interior of the Earth is layered.
6. What is meant by plate tectonics.
7. What lithosphere is.
8. What asthenosphere is.
9. Why hotter mantle beneath the asthenosphere does not flow as easily.
10. Evidence of continental drift cited by Alfred Wegener.
11. Why few scientists accepted Wegener’s theory of continental drift.
12. What a magnetic reversal is.
13. How we know that our magnetic field has reversed itself many times through Earth’s past.
14. What magnetic reversals observed on the ocean floor revealed about ocean plates.
15. What a mid-ocean ridge is.
16. What a subduction zone is.
17. What a transform plate boundary is.
18. The kind of plate boundary that the San Andreas Fault is.
19. That Hawaii does not lie on a plate boundary.
20. How plate tectonics may have led to the evolution of whales and dolphins from land
mammals.
21. How conduction transfers heat.
22. How convection transfers heat.
23. How radiative heat transfer transfers heat.
24. The circumstance in which a solid can convect.
25. What drives plate tectonics.
26. What causes a magnetic field to be produced.
27. How a permanent magnetic is created.
28. How to make an induced magnetic field generated by an electrical current stronger.
29. How Earth generates its magnetic field.
30. That the magnetic pole in Earth’s northern hemisphere is actually a south magnetic pole.
31. What protects us from the radiation of the Sun’s solar wind.
32. What causes the aurora lights.
33. How we know the Earth is not hollow.
34. The type of volcanic eruption that brings diamonds to the surface.
Unit 2 – Earthquakes
35. About how many total earthquakes of any size occur globally each year.
36. The largest earthquake to occur on Earth over the past 100 years.
37. On average, how often large earthquakes (≥M7.5) occur on the San Andreas Fault.
38. Where most earthquakes occur.
39. The concept of elastic rebound.
40. The concept of stick-slip behavior.
41. What the rough parts of a fault that prevent slippage until they break are called.
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42. How we observe the buildup of stress on a fault.
43. The direction Japan moves between and during earthquakes.
44. Where thrust faults occur.
45. Where normal faults occur.
46. Where transform (strike-slip) faults occur.
47. That faults do not open gaps during earthquakes.
48. What an earthquake hypocenter is.
49. The different types of seismic waves.
50. Characteristics of P waves.
51. Characteristics of S waves.
52. Characteristics of surface waves.
53. How seismograms are used to locate an earthquake.
54. What reflection seismology allows us to visualize.
55. What earthquake seismology allows us to visualize.
56. How we know that the outer core of the Earth is liquid.
57. How much the amount of shaking varies between different magnitude earthquakes.
58. That smaller magnitude earthquakes occur more often.
59. The theoretical maximum magnitude earthquake that can occur.
60. The relationship between the magnitude of an earthquake and its duration.
Unit 3 – Earthquake Prediction and Mitigation
61. The influence of geology on earthquake shaking.
62. What Mercalli intensities measure.
63. What Mercalli intensities enable us to infer about earthquakes.
64. Why the US Geological Survey believes there is a high seismic hazard in the midwest.
65. That despite it being far from a plate boundary, there are active faults in Indiana.
66. That the biggest magnitude earthquakes are generally not the deadliest.
67. The timeframe we can be 90% sure that a large earthquake will occur on a particular fault.
68. Why earthquakes are so difficult to predict.
69. That there are no reliable earthquake precursors.
70. What instrumentation showed just before the 2004 Parkfield earthquake.
71. The difference between foreshocks and aftershocks.
72. That a series of small earthquakes does not necessarily lead to a big earthquake.
73. Why Italy sent seismologists to jail in 2012.
74. What earthquake forecasts are based on.
75. How GPS measurements of surface deformation can help estimate earthquake potential.
76. When you stay inside or leave a building during an earthquake.
77. What you should do if on a high floor in a building during an earthquake.
78. How an earthquake early warning system works.
79. How long after surface waves arrive poorly constructed buildings generally collapse.
80. The buildings that collapsed disproportionally during the 2008 Wenchuan, China Earthquake.
81. The required percent chance of avoiding collapse during a California earthquake.
82. What forced resonance is.
83. Why diagonal beams help buildings to be more resistant to earthquakes.
84. That the addition of simple corner studs can greatly improve building earthquake stability.
85. The importance of a strong foundation for a building to be earthquake resistant.
86. What liquefaction is.
87. How an earthquake isolation system works.