bio s1

intro

3 features of living things

• requirment for energy and nutrients
• homeostasis
• Use of DNA as herieditary material

nutrients- anything an organism need for growth and survival and cant make itself

Homeostasis- maintaining a stable internal enviroment

consumers- organisms that get energy from eating

producers- male own food from the enviroment

development-process by which 1st cell of an organism gives rise to an adult

growth- getting more cells/cells growing

inheritance- transmission to offspring of DNA

Organizations of Life

• Atom- non-living building blocks of all substances
• Molecule- non-living, 2+ atoms together
• Cell-smallest unit of life
• Tissue-cells organized to serve a collective function
• organ- 2+ tissues working together to serve a function
• organ system- set of organs that work together to keep a body working
• organism-an individual of 1+ cells
• population- group of individuals of the same species in an area
• community- all populations of all species in an area
• ecosystem- a community of all species in an area
• biosphere-all regions of earth where organisms live

biochem

Sub-Atomic Particles

Most atoms are neutral: p+=n0; when p+ doesnt= n0= ion

Anion - - charge

cation - + charge

Element- pure substance made of all same atoms

atomic #- the number of protons an atom has

mass #- n0+p+ in an atom

Orbitals- the area electrons fill- fill orbitals closed to nucleus first

Chemical bonds- attractive force between 2 atoms exists because electrons interact with eachother

ionic bonds

• strong mutual attractoin between ions of opposite charges
• each ion has its own charge (polar)
• ex: NaCl- table salt

covalent bonds

• can be polar or non-polar
• depends on electronegativity of an atoms in bond
• sharing electrons
  • when shared- electrons count in both orbitals
• can be shown as lines between atoms
  • number of lines is the number of bonds
  • extra dots are e-

Hydrogen Bonds

• an attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another taking part in another speraerate polar covalent bond
• indivally weak; collectly strong
• 5% strength of covalent bond
• extensive hydrogen bonds give water its important properties

electronegativity- measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms

Polarity- seperations of - and + into different regions

• caused by unequal sharing of electrons in a bond

Water/Solutions

water has 2 covalent bonds per molecule

oxygen=slightly negative

hydrogen= slightly positive

polarity leads to attraction between water molecules

hydrophilic- loves water

hydrophobic- hates water

Solutions

pH scale

• used to measure acidity

• acid h+

• basic OH-

• ph=-log[h+]

  

Water - Universal solvent

• dissolves anything polar or ionic

Solute- gets dissolved

solvent- does dissolving

Water Properties

• Cohesion- water sticking to itself
• adhesion- water sticking to other things
• water is less dense as a solid
• water has a high specific heat
  • takes more energy to heat water
• water has a high heat of evaporation
  • animals use this to cool down

biomolecules

carbs

organic compunds that consist of carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, 1-2-1 ratio

gluclose→ C6H12O6

energy source for animals

building blocks for plants

monomer → monosaccharide

polymer → polysaccharide

Starch

• plants store energy as starch
  • stems, roots, leaves, fruits

Cellulose

main strucutral component of plants

tough and maleable

glycogen

energy researved for animals

stored in muscles and liver

lipids

organic compounds also known as fat

Functions

• energy storage - harder to break down
• insulation
• membrane function
• coushioning
• hormone regulation

lipids are hydrophobic

1 true monomer

most incorprate fatty acids

phosphlipid

• make a cell membrane
  • phospholipid bilayer
• phosphate head
• two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic part)

cholestoral

• plays several important roles in the body
• maintains fulidity in animal cells membranes
• used to make important lipid hormones

triglycorides

• typical dietary fat
• glycerol head
• 3 fatty acid tails
  • full of C and H bonds that store energy

steroids

• 20 C 4 ring structures plus functional groups
• functional groups-

proteins

most diverse molecule

shape determines function

structure

1. primary- sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
2. secondary- side groups interact with one another; twists and folds
3. tertiary- more folding to form a full protein (some proteins stop at this level)
4. (word for 4th???)- multiple stage 3s combined to form a protein complex

functions

• transport
• defense (immune system)
• structure
• enzymes
• movement

amino acids

• 20 kinds of amino acids
• different amino acids have different side groups
• what proteins are made of

polypeptides - a chain of amino acids

• unique 3D shape
• can be joined together to form a large complex molecule
• peptide bonds
  • holds one amino acid to another
  • is a covalent bond

enzymes

• speeds chem reactions by lowering activation energy by reducing amount of energy without being changed itself
• metabolism- the sum of all reactions in an organism
• substrate- the one specific molecule an enzyme targets
• inhibitors- molecules that prevent enzymes from working

nucleic acids

DNA

• blueprint of life
• contains instructions on how to make proteins in the body
• cant leave nucleus
• double helix
• “rails” of ladder are made from alternating sugars and phosphates
• bases: A T C G

RNA

• copy of DNA
• carrys instructions out of nuclues
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Cells

cells

eukaryotic

• larger complex cells
• membrane bond organelles
• uni or multicellular
• 2.1BYA
• plants, animals, protist, fungi

prokaryotic

• small simple cells
• no membrane based orangelles
• unicellular
• 1st appeared 3.5BYA
• bacteria and archera

parts of a cell

• nucleus

• golgi apparatus

• lysosomes

• cholorplast

• mitochandria

• vacule

• flagella

• cell wall

• cilia

• cytoskeleton

• smooth endopalsmic rectilium

• nucleous

• rough endoplasmic rectiloium

• ribosome

• perozisome

• cytosol

• centrosoome

  needed/skipped: / when use passive / active tranport./have all cell parts??

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