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General Information

I. Zodiac Signs

The Zodiac is divided into twelve signs, each corresponding to specific date ranges:

  • Capricorn: December 22 - January 19 (goat)

  • Aquarius: January 20 - February 18 (waterbearer)

  • Pisces: February 19 - March 20 (fishes)

  • Aries: March 21 - April 19 (ram)

  • Taurus: April 20 - May 20 (bull)

  • Gemini: May 21 - June 20 (twins)

  • Cancer: June 21 - July 22 (crab)

  • Leo: July 23 - August 22 (lion)

  • Virgo: August 23 - September 22 (virgin)

  • Libra: September 23 - October 22 (scales)

  • Scorpio: October 23 - November 21 (scorpion)

  • Sagittarius: November 22 - December 21 (archer)

II. Chinese Zodiac

In addition to the Western Zodiac, there is also the Chinese Zodiac comprised of twelve animal signs, which rotate in cycles:

  • Rat

  • Ox

  • Tiger

  • Rabbit

  • Dragon

  • Snake

  • Horse

  • Sheep

  • Monkey

  • Rooster

  • Dog (2016)

  • Pig

III. Birthstones

Each month of the year is associated with a specific gemstone known as a birthstone:

  • January: Garnet

  • February: Amethyst

  • March: Aquamarine

  • April: Diamond

  • May: Emerald

  • June: Alexandrite

  • July: Ruby

  • August: Peridot

  • September: Sapphire

  • October: Pink Tourmaline

  • November: Topaz

  • December: Zircon

IV. Studies/Fields

The following describes various fields of study, including their areas of focus:

Medicine Studies/Fields:

  • Cardiology: Focuses on the heart

  • Dietetics: Focuses on food and nutrition

  • Geriatrics: Aimed at elderly patients

  • Hepatology: Concerned with the liver

  • Nephrology: Deals with the kidneys

  • Neurology: Studies the nervous system

  • Oncology: Focused on cancer

  • Otology: Involves the ears

  • Pathology: The study of disease

  • Pediatrics: Focuses on children

  • Toxicology: Studies toxins and poisons

Natural Science Fields:

  • Acoustics: Studies sound

  • Astronomy: Focuses on the physical universe through observation

  • Cartography: Involves making maps

  • Cosmology: Theoretical study of the universe and its origin

  • Hydrology: Concerned with water

  • Meteorology: Studies weather

  • Optics: Focuses on light and vision

  • Seismology: The study of earthquakes

  • Thermodynamics: Studies heat

Life Science Fields:

  • Cytology: Study of cells

  • Ecology: Examines organisms and their environment

  • Entomology: Focused on insects

  • Genetics: Concerns heredity

  • Hematology: Study of blood

  • Histology: Microscopic structures of plant and animal tissues

  • Ichthyology: Study of fish

  • Ornithology: Focused on birds

  • Physiology: Studies bodily functions

  • Phenology: Examines periodic biological phenomena in relation to climatic change

Social Science Fields:

  • Anthropology: Studies human culture and development

  • Archeology: Examines ancient cultures through material evidence

  • Cryptography: Concerned with codes

  • Economics: Studies goods and services

  • Eugenics: Focuses on hereditary improvements

  • Paleontology: Studies ancient life via fossils

  • Penology: Focuses on prisons

  • Phonology: Studies speech sounds

  • Psychology: Examines behavior

  • Theology: Focuses on religion

V. Greek & Roman Gods

The following list includes Greek and Roman deities along with their attributes:

  • Zeus (Greek) / Jupiter (Roman): King of the Gods

  • Hera / Juno: Goddess of marriage

  • Dionysus / Bacchus: God of wine

  • Athena / Minerva: Goddess of wisdom

  • Aphrodite / Venus: Goddess of beauty

  • Eros / Cupid: God of love

  • Poseidon / Neptune: God of the sea

  • Cronos / Kronos: Youngest child of Uranus and father of Zeus

  • Hades / Pluto: God of the underworld

  • Hephaestus / Vulcan: God of the forge

  • Demeter / Ceres: Goddess of harvest

  • Apollo: God of music and medicine

  • Hermes / Mercury: Messenger of the gods

  • Persephone / Proserpine: Goddess of the underworld

  • Gaia / Gaea: Goddess of the earth

VI. Philippine Currency

Information about Philippine currency includes notes and features:

  • P20 banknote:
      - Front: Manuel L. Quezon, Malacanang Palace
      - Back: Philippine National flag, Banaue Rice Terraces, Palm civet, Cordilleras weave pattern

  • P50 banknote:
      - Front: Sergio Osmena, Leyte Landing
      - Back: Taal lake, Giant Trevally, Batangas embroidery pattern

  • P100 banknote:
      - Front: Manuel L. Roxas, Inauguration of 3rd Philippine Representative
      - Back: Mayon Volcano, Whale shark, Bicol textile pattern

  • P200 banknote:
      - Front: Diosdado Macapagal, EDSA Revolution
      - Back: Aquinaldo Shrine, Barasoain Church, Chocolate hills, Tarsier, Visayas Weave pattern

  • P500 banknote:
      - Front: Ninoy & Cory Aquino, EDSA Revolution
      - Back: Benigno monument, Underground river, Blue-naped parrot, South Philippine cloth pattern

  • P1000 banknote:
      - Front: 3 Philippine patriots (Jose Abad Santos, Gen. Vicente Lim, Josefa Escada)
      - Back: Tubbataha reefs, South Sea pearl, Mindanao design pattern, Centennial Independence Day, Medal of Honor

VII. Philippine Presidents and Vice Presidents

The following list outlines the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the Philippines through various government periods:

  • First Republic (Revolutionary Gov’t):
      - President: Emilio F. Aguinaldo
      - Vice President: Mariano C. Trias

  • Commonwealth Period (American Period):
      - President: Manuel L. Quezon (Died in exile in US)
      - Vice President: Sergio S. Osmeña, Sr.

  • Second Republic (Japanese Occupation):
      - President: Jose P. Laurel
      - Vice Presidents: Benigno Aquino, Sr. and Ramon Avancena

  • Third Republic:
      - President: Manuel L. Roxas (Died of heart attack)
      - Vice Presidents: Elpidio R. Quirino, Fernando H. Lopez, Ramon F. Magsaysay (Died in plane crash), Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado P. Macapagal, Emmanuel N. Pelaez

  • Fourth Republic (Martial Law, “The New Republic”, Parliamentary Gov’t):
      - President: Ferdinand E. Marcos
      - Prime Minister: Cesar E. A. Virata; Vice President: Arturo M. Tolentino (Proclaimed but did not serve due to revolt)

  • Fifth Republic (“People Power” Constitution):
      - Presidents: Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino, Fidel V. Ramos, Joseph Ejercito Estrada (Deposed by “People Power”), Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Benigno Simeon "Noynoy" Cojuangco Aquino III, Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte
      - Vice Presidents: Salvador H. Laurel, Teofisto T. Guingona (1st term), Manuel "Noli" Leuterio de Castro (2nd term), Jejomar "Jojo" Cabauatan Binay, Maria Leonor "Leni" Santo Tomas Gerona-Robredo

VIII. Countries, Capitals and their Currencies

The following is a comprehensive list of countries, their capitals, and respective currencies:

  • Algeria: dinar, Capital: Algiers

  • Argentina: peso, Capital: Buenos Aires

  • Australia: Australian dollar, Capital: Canberra

  • Austria: euro, Capital: Vienna

  • Bahrain: dinar, Capital: Manama

  • Bangladesh: Bangladeshi taka, Capital: Dhaka

  • Belgium: euro, Capital: Brussels

  • Brazil: Brazilian real, Capital: Brasilia

  • Cambodia: Cambodian real, Capital: Phnom Penh

  • Canada: Canadian dollar, Capital: Ottawa

  • China: yuan, Capital: Beijing

  • Costa Rica: colon, Capital: San Jose

  • Cuba: peso, Capital: Havana

  • Czech Republic: Czech koruna, Capital: Prague

  • Denmark: Danish krone, Capital: Copenhagen

  • Greece: euro, Capital: Athens

  • Haiti: Haitian gourde, Capital: Port-au-Prince

  • India: rupee, Capital: New Delhi

  • Indonesia: rupiah, Capital: Jakarta

  • Iran: Rial, Capital: Tehran

  • Iraq: dinar, Capital: Baghdad

  • Israel: shekel, Capital: Jerusalem

  • Jamaica: Jamaican dollar, Capital: Kingston

  • Kenya: shilling, Capital: Nairobi

  • Laos: Lao kip, Capital: Vientiane

  • Lebanon: Lebanese pound, Capital: Beirut

  • Malaysia: ringgit, Capital: Kuala Lumpur

  • Mongolia: Mongolian tugrik, Capital: Ulan Bator

  • Norway: Norwegian krone, Capital: Oslo

  • Poland: zloty, Capital: Warsaw

  • Russia: ruble, Capital: Moscow

  • Saudi Arabia: riyal, Capital: Riyadh

  • Syria: Syrian pound, Capital: Damascus

  • Thailand: baht, Capital: Bangkok

  • Turkey: lira, Capital: Ankara

  • United Arab Emirates: dirham, Capital: Abu Dhabi

IX. Former Cities and Countries, and their Current Names

This section details former names of cities and countries and their current names:

  • Istanbul, Turkey: Formerly Constantinople

  • Beijing, China: Formerly Peking

  • Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam: Formerly Saigon

  • Mumbai, India: Formerly Bombay

  • Tokyo, Japan: Formerly Edo

  • Bangladesh: Formerly East Pakistan

  • Cambodia: Formerly Kampuchea

  • France: Formerly Gaul

  • Ghana: Formerly Gold Coast

  • Germany: Formerly Prussia

  • Iran: Formerly Persia

  • Iraq: Formerly Mesopotamia

  • Myanmar: Formerly Burma

  • Sri Lanka: Formerly Ceylon

  • Taiwan: Formerly Formosa

  • Thailand: Formerly Siam

  • Zimbabwe: Formerly Rhodesia

X. Natural Landmarks

Various natural landmarks within the Philippines:

  • Banaue Rice Terraces: Located in Banaue, Ifugao

  • Chocolate Hills: Found in Carmen, Bohol

  • Hundred Islands: Located in Alaminos city, Pangasinan

  • Mayon Volcano: Located in Legaspi city, Albay

  • Mt. Apo: Located in Kidapawan city, North Cotabato

  • Puerto Princessa Subterranean River: Situated in Puerto Princessa city, Palawan

  • Taal Volcano: Near Taal Lake, Batangas

  • Tubbataha Reef: Located in Sulu Sea, Palawan

XI. Cultural and Historical Landmarks

Cultural and historical landmarks within the Philippines include:

  • Corregidor Island: Located in Mariveles, Bataan

  • Heritage City of Vigan: Situated in Ilocos Sur

  • Tirad Pass: Located in Ilocos Sur

  • Fort Santiago: Located in Manila City

  • Magellan’s Cross: Found in Cebu City

  • Pinaglabanan Shrine: Located in San Juan City

  • Malacanan Palace: Located in Manila City

  • Rizal Park: Situated in Manila City

  • Leyte Landing Memorial: Found in Palo, Leyte

  • Dambana ng Kagitingan: Located in Mt. Samat, Pilar, Bataan

XII. Pen Names of Filipino Heroes, Writers and Revolutionists

Various Filipino heroes and writers utilized pen names in their works:

  • Jose Rizal: Pen names - Dimasalang, Laong-Iaan; notable works include Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, and Mi Ultimo Adios

  • Marcelo H. Del Pilar: Pen names - Plaridel, Piping Dilat; notable works include Dolores Manapat and Kalipunang Kayo

  • Graciano Lopez Jaena: Pen name - Fray Botod; noted for his work La Solidaridad

  • Mariano Ponce: Pen names - Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning

  • Pedro Paterno: Notably wrote the first Filipino novel, Ninay

  • Jose Ma. Panganiban: Pen name - Jomapa

  • Juan Luna: Pen name - Buan

  • Andres Bonifacio: Pen names - Agapito Bagumbayan, May Pag-asa; famous for Ang dapat mabatid ng mga tagalog, Pag-ibig sa tinubulang lupa

  • Emilio Jacinto: Pen names - Dimas-Ilaw, Pingkian; known for Kartilya ng Katipunan

  • Apolinario Mabini: Pen name - Paralitico; recognized as the "Brains of the revolution"

  • Antonio Luna: Known as Taga-ilog

  • Jose Palma: Pen name - Ana-haw; composer of the Filipino National Anthem

  • Emilio Aguinaldo: Pen name - Magdalo

  • Francisco Baltazar: Pen name - Francisco Balagtas; notable work includes Florante at Laura

  • Jose Corazon de Jesus: Pen name - Huseng Batute; notable works include Ang isang punong kahoy

  • Amado Hernandez: Pen name - “Poet of the Laborers”; notable works include Julio Abril

  • Severino Reyes: Pen name - Lola Basyang; known for plays such as Walang sugat and Mga kwento ni Lola Basyang

  • Lope K. Santos: Pen name - Doctor Lukas; recognized for Banaag at Sikat

  • Epifanio delos Santos: Pen name - G. Solon

  • Virgilio Almario: Pen name - Rio Alma

XIII. Other Literary Works

Various notable literary works within Filipino history include:

  • Bantugan: Maranao epic (Pre-Hispanic)

  • Bidasari: Moro Epic (Pre-Hispanic)

  • Biag ni Lam-ang: Ilocano epic (Pre-Hispanic)

  • Maragtas: Visayan epic (Pre-Hispanic)

  • Ibong Adarna: Spanish-era Tagalog epic

  • Doctrina Cristiana: First book printed in the Philippines during the Spanish Period

XIV. Filipino Artists

A list of distinguished Filipino artists and their contributions:

  • Julian Felipe: Composer of music for the Philippine national anthem

  • Jose Palma: Lyricist for the Philippine national anthem

  • Marcela Agoncillo: Principal seamstress of the Philippine flag

  • Nicanor Abelardo: Renowned composer of Kundiman songs

  • Cecile Licad: Noted classical piano virtuoso

  • John Lesaca: Renowned violinist

  • Francesca Reyes Aquino: Pioneer of folk dance

  • Juan Luna: Noted for the painting Spolarium

  • Fernando Amorsolo: Portraitist and painter of rural landscapes in the Philippines

  • Botong Francisco: Recognized muralist

  • Guillermo Tolentino: Noted for the Bonifacio monument and UP Oblation.