Pharm Chapters 1-5:

  • NCSBN (National Council of State Boards of nursing's)

  • OTC (Over the counter)

  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration)

  • GCP (Good Clincial Practice)

  • ANA (American Nurses Association)

  • HIPAA (Health Insurance portability and Accountablity)

  • What is the nursing process? used by nurses for the appropriate delivery of patient care

  • CJMM's six Cognitive skills: Regoinize Cues, Analyze Cues, Prioritze Hypothesis, generate Solutions, Take action, and Evaluate Outcomes. These are the six steps of clinical judgment in nursing.

  • What is drug therapy? the use of drugs or other substances to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition

  • Personalized Medicine↔Medical approach that tailors treatment and healthcare strategies to individual characteristics, preferences, and genetic information of each patient.

  • Autonomy: Is an integral component of respect for person sons, is the right to self determination

  • Informed consent: a process of communication between you and your health care provider that often leads to agreement or permission for care, treatment, or services

  • Independent variable: treatment such as with a drug

  • Dependent variable: outcome, such as clinical effect

  • Schedule Categories of controlled substances

  • Drug names: have several names

  • Chemical names: describe the drug's chemical structure

  • Generic name: nonpropritary name for the drug this name is not owned by any drug company and is universally accepted

  • Nursing consideration related to over the counter drugs

  • Pharmacokinetics: is a process of drug movement throughout the body necessary to achieve drug action

  • Drug absorption: is the movement of the drug in the to blood stream after administration

  • passive transport: does not require energy to move across a membrane, occurs through two processes diffusion and facilitated diffusion

  • diffusion: drugs move across the cellular membrane

  • facilitated diffusion; relies on the carrier protein to move the drug from an area of high concentration to low concentration

  • active transport: requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against the concentration gradient

  • what can affect drug absorption?

  • blood flow pain stress hunger fasting food and pH, poor circulation to the stomach as a result of shock vasoconstriction drugs or diseases hampers absorption pain stress and foods that are solid hot or high in fat can slow gastric emptying time so drugs remaining in the stomach longer exercises can decrease gastric blood flow by shunting blood flow to peripheral muscles

  • bioavailability: distribution is the movement of the drug from the circulation to body tissues

  • drug half life: by knowing the half life the time it takes for the drug to get to a steady state can be determined

  • metabolism or bio transformation is the process by which the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted the liver is the primary site of metabolism

  • Drug excretion: the main route of drug excretion the elimation of drugs from the body is through the kidneys. drugs are also excreted through bile, the lungs, saliva sweat and breast milk.

  • Pharmacodynamics; is the study of the effects of drugs on the body

  • Onset: Is the time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration after administration

  • MEC: minimum amount of drug required for drug effect

  • peak: occurs when it reaches iits higher higher concentration in the blood duration of action is the length of time the drug experts a thermionic effect. If a peak drug level is ordered a blood sample should be drawn at the appropriate pea time based on the route of administration

  • through drug level is the lowest plasma concentration of a drug and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated

  • Side effects are secondary effects of drug therapy

  • ADR: Adverse drug reactions are eunintentional unexpected reactions to drug therapy that occurs at normal drug doages

  • drug toxicity: occurs when drug levels exceed the therapeutic range to city may occur secondary to overdose or drug accumication factors that influence drug to city include disease genetics and age

  • drug interaction is defined as an altered or modified action or effect of drug as a result of interaction with one or multiple drugs

  • {{8809615287118306::pharmacokinetic}} interactions are changes that occur in the absorptions distribution metabolism and exception of one or more drugs

  • When two drugs are administered in combination and the response is increased beyond what either could oricue alone the drug interaction is called an additive effect

  • pharmacogenetics: the study of variablity in drug response due to heredity

  • Pharmacogenomics: the study of the combination of pharmocology and genomics to develop effective and safe medications to compensate for genetic differences in patients that caused varied responses to a single theraputic regimen

  • Allele: one of two or more versions of a gene

  • Extensive metabolizers: have a ordinary response to drugs

  • Gene: A region of DNA containg genetice information is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity

  • Genotype: An individual's collection of genes

  • Intermediate metabolizers: decreased effciency in drug metabolism and therefore an increased concentration of the parfent drug with decreased formation of metabolities and a possible decrease in responoisvness→

  • Phenotype:

    • Phenotype↔Observable physical and biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

  • Polymorphisms:

    • Polymorphisms↔Genetic variations that occur at a specific locus in a population, resulting in different alleles that can influence traits or disease susceptibility.

  • Poor metabolizers:

    • Poor Metabolizers↔Individuals with a genetic variation that results in a reduced ability to metabolize certain drugs, leading to slower drug clearance and potentially increased risk of side effects.

  • Ultrarapid metabolizers:

    • Ultrarapid Metabolizers↔Individuals with a genetic variation that causes them to metabolize drugs and other substances at a significantly faster rate than the average population.

  • consumers and health care providers must be alert to potential hazards with herbal therapy although herbs are natural substances natural does not mean safe

    • Consumers And Health Care Providers Must Be Alert To Potential Hazards With Herbal Therapy Although Herbs Are Natural Substances Natural Does Not Mean Saf↔Herbal therapy caution that emphasizes the need for consumers and health care providers to be aware of potential risks associated with using natural herbs, as "natural" does not guarantee safety.

  • prioritize the steps of Clinical Judgement [ Nursing process]

    • Prioritize The Steps Of Clinical Judgement [ Nursing Process]↔Prioritization of the steps in Clinical Judgement within the Nursing Process that involves determining the order of assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation based on the urgency and importance of patient needs.genomics