TYPES OF SOCIAL POLICIES
Policy - governing principle/plan of action to pursue societal aspirations
Policies can be understood as political, management, financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals
Public Policy - course of action or inaction by public authorities; body of laws, regulations, decisions, and actions of government.
Ideally intended for the common good and welfare of the people
Social Policy - part of public policy that has to do with social issues such as public access to social programs.
Aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs for education, health, housing social security, and others.
SOCIAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT
Social Policy Cycle
Social Policy Process
Types of Social Policies
How a Bill Becomes a Law
Social Policy Cycle
Jordan and Adelle, 2012
1) Problem Emergence
2) Agenda Setting
3) Consideration of Policy options; decision-making,
5) Implementation
6) Evaluation
Shiffman, 2008
2) Agenda Setting, formulation, implementation, and evaluation
Howlett & Giest, 2015
3) Agenda setting, policy formulation, decision making, policy implementation and policy evaluation
Problem emergence - the list of subjects or problems to which governmental officials are paying some serious attention at any given time (Kingdon, 1984)
Agenda Setting - issue-sorting stage, concerns rise to the attention of policymakers while others receive minimal attention or are neglected completely (only a handful gain consideration)
Policy formulation - development of specific policy options within government wherein the range of possible choices is narrowed by excluding infeasible ones (favored solution ranked highly)
Decision making - adopt a particular course of action
Implementation - putting decisions into effect with the use of combination tools
Policy Evaluation - results are monitored by both state and societal actors (reconceptualization of policy)
TYPES OF SOCIAL POLICY
1) Regulatory Policy
2) Distributive Policy
3) Redistributive Policy
4) Capitalization Policy
5) Ethical Policy
1) Regulatory Policy - attempt to control the behavior of citizens, corporations, or sub-governments; regulates how people act towards one another; Police Power
Regulatory Policy Patterns: law enforcement, business regulation (prices, fraud, unfair practices, monopoly), limiting access to public goods (air, water, communications), health and safety
Regulatory Policy - restrictions or limitations
Self-regulatory Policy - sought and supported by the regulated group; protecting or promoting the interests of its members
RA 386 CIVIL CODE
RA 6969 PTSHNWA
RA 9211 TOBACCO REGULATION ACT
RA 8762 RETAIL TRADE LIBERALIZATION
AGENCIES AND DEPTS
SEC, DTI, LTO, LTFRB, FPA, FDA, TOLL REGULATORY BOARD, PRC, NFA, NTC
SECTION 25. AUTONOMY
SECTION 27. HONESTY AND INTEGRITY AGAINST GRAFT AND CORRUPTION
SECTION 28. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE OF ALL TRANSACTIONS
2) Distributive Policy - benefits (from tax revenues), subsidies, insurances, allocation of services and benefits, public funds to assist particular groups, communities, or industries
a) LEGISLATIVE acts providing allocations - CDF (Countrywide) and PDAF (Priority): power of the purse
b) PROPER IMPLEMENTATION OF GOVERNMENT PROJECTS - CCT. 4Ps, PPP (poverty and economic growth)
c) RA 7875 National Health Insurance Act of 1995 - HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT
3) Redistributive Policy - taxes one group of people to provide benefits to another group
CCT, PPP, RA 10351 Excise Tax on Alcohol and Tobacco Products, PD 1752
SECTION 9.
SECTION 10. social justice
SECTION 21. rural development and agrarian reform
SECTION 26. equal access
4) Capitalization Policy - increase productive capacity of social institutions
SECTION 13. YOUTH IN NATION BUILDING
SECTION 14. ROLE OF WOMEN IN NATION BUILDING
SECTION 18. LABOR - SOCIAL ECONOMIC FORCE
SECTION 19. SELF-RELIANT & INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ECONOMY
SECTION 20. PRIVATE SECTOR
SECTION 22. IPS
SECTION 23. NGOs
5) Ethical Policy - correct practice of moral and ethical issues
SOCIAL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION (SLIDE DECK 10)
Agenda Setting - identify and define problems
Policy Formulation - develop specific proposals; goals
Policy Legitimation/Adoption - mobilization of support; legislation; executive orders, administrative regulations and court decisions
Policy Implementation - mobilization of resources & adaptation
Policy Evaluation - reviews; working or not
Implementation - carry out; policy to action; action plan to bridge gap to policies
Policies - causal chain of events to desired future events
POLITICS OF IMPLEMENTATION
Power - ability to bring change in one’s desire
I. Power Control/Imperative Model - command backed up usually with force. System of interaction by legitimate action.
II. Bargaining - 2 or more need to reach an agreement in distributing (object or money), (favoring interest).
A. Collective Bargaining - negotiation between decision-makers and groups to reach an agreement
B. Bargaining Theory - non-zero-sum-games; all parties have a common interest in bargaining a solution (worsens for none, improves some)
III. Gaming - strategy and tactics (minimize losses and maximize gains)
Game Theory - rational decisions (outcome from choices)
THE PRISONER’S DILEMMA
IV. Negotiation - dialogue to resolve disputes, produce agreement, bargain for individual (Lose/Lose, Win/Lose, Lose/Win, Win/Win, Win more)
Negotiation Model - framework of strategies for crisis negotiation to conflict resolution
Political Stumbling Blocks - obstacles, hindrances in progress or understanding
A. Patronage - supporting or favoring a group/institution. (corruption)
B. Prerequisite/ Privilege - privilege gain or profit to regular salary or wage. Qualification to be protected from being sued.
NATURE AND SCOPE OF SOCIAL POLICIES (WEEK 8)
Elements of a Social Policy System
Dye 1978
1) Policy Stakeholders
2) Policy Environment
3) Public Policies
1) Policy Stakeholders - composed of: government, NGOs, community-based orgs, civil society, labor unions, indiv or groups affected by policies.
2) Policy Environment - situations where policies should be implemented or amended because it affects policy formulation and implementation (rate rate)
3) Public Policy - policies on law enforcement, economic concerns, welfare of the state, environmental integrity, others.
THEORIES, FRAMEWORKS, AND THE APPROACHES TO SOCIAL POLICIES (WEEK 12)
Framework - analysis and position of social policies on the historical, socio-cultural, political, economic, and environmental context at various levels; understanding prevailing relations between political interplay in the country
Analytical Framework - fundamental differentiating factor among models
Model - articulated, logical, distinct analysis and interpretation, and approach to a given phenomenon
Theory - systems of ideas or statements or group of facts or phenomena. Hypothesis has been confirmed or established by observation or experiment. General laws, principles, or causes of something known or observed. Empirical laws. Causal link between constructs predicting interdependent behavior
MODELS IN THE POLICY PROCESSES
Multiple- Streams - (framework) John Kingdon 1984) “garbage can” model of organizational behavior. three streams with individuals, groups, agencies, and institutions in policy making.
1) Problem stream - data about problems and proponents of problem definitions
2) Policy Stream - involving the proponents of solution to policy problems
3) Politics Stream - elections and elected officials
streams operate independently of each other except “window of opportunity" coupling various streams (success = major policy change)
Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) - model or framework understanding interactions of groups and coalition of groups (advocay coalition). two to four coalitions form based on shared beliefs on policy issues. Paul Sabatier. Mapping the belief systems of policy elites.
Punctuated Equilibrium - evolutionary biology by Baumgartner and Jones (1993) policy change is characterized by long-run stability punctuated with short-term shocks (changes are more likely). balance of power remains relatively stable over long periods of time (shifts)
Policy Diffusion Framework - Berry and Berry (1990, 1992) adoption of specific policy innovations (lottery, across a large number of states). Argues that adoption is a function of both the characteristcs of specific political systems and a variety of diffusion processes.
Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) - way of understanding policy process by Elinor Ostrom. rationality and cooperation (institution). actors, institutions, and rules in particular kinds of public policies.
Elite Theory - Anderson (1997) pov of elite theory. Reflecting values and preferences of a governing elite. Negative bias to democracy (not people). downward elite to masses.
“Instrument of the state for the alienation of the masses”
Dye and Zeigler in the Irony of Democracy (1975)
1) society is divided in two: elite (people with power) and masses (do not have). Elite decides
2) disproportionately from the upper socioeconomic strata
3) non-elites to elites should be slow.
4) shares basic values and preservation of the status quo
5) public policy does not reflect the demands of masses but their values.
6) little direct influence masses
Policy Models - selected aspects of problematic situation
Titmus 1990 - work ethic and institution
1) Model A - residual welfare model (private market and family fail)
2) Model B - industrial achievement performance model (welfare institutions as supplement) (incentives, effort, reward)
3) Model C - Institutional Redistributive model (outside the market) (universal services) (multiple effects of social change theories)
Models - representation; desire or emulated; interchangeable
Policy Models - simplified representation of problems
Anderson Model
Mendoza Model
Linear Model - problem solving process which is rational