Economic theory promoting government regulation of trade.
Manor
Self-sufficient estate of a lord in feudalism.
Vedic Age
Period of ancient Indian texts and rituals.
Battle of Hastings
1066 conflict leading to Norman conquest of England.
Crusades
Religious wars for control of the Holy Land.
Jihad
Struggle or fight against enemies of Islam.
Parliament
Legislative body in England representing the people.
Estates General
French assembly representing different social classes.
Middle Ages
Period in European history from 5th to 15th century.
Mandate of Heaven
Chinese belief justifying the emperor's rule.
Black Death
Plague that killed millions in 14th century Europe.
Hundred Years War
Series of conflicts between England and France.
Great Schism
Division of Christianity into Catholic and Orthodox.
War of the Roses
Dynastic conflicts for the English throne.
Renaissance
Cultural revival in Europe emphasizing art and learning.
Habeas Corpus
Legal principle protecting against unlawful detention.
Reincarnation
Belief in rebirth of the soul in new bodies.
Constitution
Document outlining the fundamental principles of government.
Treaty of Verdun
843 agreement dividing Charlemagne's empire among heirs.
Absolutism
Political system where a ruler holds total power.
Fief
Land granted to a vassal in feudalism.
Indulgence
Grant by the Catholic Church reducing punishment for sins.
Divine Right of Kings
Doctrine that kings derive authority from God.
Compurgation
Medieval legal practice involving oath-taking for innocence.
Protestant Reformation
Movement challenging Catholic Church practices and doctrines.
Jesuits
Catholic religious order focused on education and missions.
Page
Young boy training to become a knight.
Squire
Young man serving a knight as an apprentice.
Magna Carta
1215 document limiting the power of the English king.
Doomsday Book
Survey of England's lands and resources in 1086.
Petition of Right
1628 document limiting the king's power in England.
Court of Star Chamber
Court used to enforce royal authority in England.
Utopia
Ideal society envisioned by Thomas More.
Predestination
Doctrine that God has predetermined salvation or damnation.
Caste System
Social hierarchy in India based on occupation.
Landlocked
Country without access to ocean or sea.
Ancestor Worship
Religious practice honoring deceased family members.
Edict of Nantes
1598 decree granting religious freedom in France.
Five Basic Relationships
Confucian principle defining social roles and duties.
Dynasty
Lineage of rulers from the same family.
Circumnavigate
To sail completely around the world.
St. Benedict
Founded a community of monks for which he wrote a set of rules.
His rules became the standard in the Catholic Church and were used by other groups of monks.
Pope Gregory I
Pope who strongly emphasized the sacrament of penance.
Encouraged confession for the remission of sins, which made people more dependent on the church for salvation.
Clovis
5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity
Scholastica
Benedict’s sister who adapted the rules for women or nuns.
William the Conqueror
Duke of Normandy who led the Norman invasion of England
Became the first Norman to be King of England
Charlemagne
Crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire in 800 AD.
His empire extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy.
His palace was at Aachen in central Europe.
Martin Luther
Posted the 95 Thesis in 1517, which led to religious reform in Germany.
Denied papal power and absolutist rule.
Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.
Elizabeth I (1533-1603)
Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603.
She was an absolute monarch.
Considered one of the most successful rulers of all time.
Philip II (1527-1598)
King of Spain from 1556 to 1598.
Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings.
Sent the Spanish Armada against England.
Henry VIII (1491-1547)
King of England from 1509 to 1547.
His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope.
Led England to break with the Roman Catholic Church and embrace Protestantism.
Established the Church of England in 1532.
Henry II
12th-century English king who introduced the jury system.
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649).
His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648), in which Charles was defeated.
He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649.
Charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration.
The Restoration was a period of expanding trade and colonization and strong opposition to Catholicism.
James I (1603-1625)
Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.
James II
Catholic king of England after Charles II.
Granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government.
Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
Peter the Great (1672-1725)
Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725).
Enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite.
Moved the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
Louis XIV (1638-1715)
Known as the Sun King.
Was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France.
One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Henry VII (1491-1547)
King of England from 1509 to 1547.
His desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope.
Led England to break with the Roman Catholic Church and embrace Protestantism.
Established the Church of England in 1532.
Richard the Lion Hearted
English king who fought Saladin in the Third Crusade
John I
King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial.
He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.
Queen Isabella
Queen of Spain who gave Columbus the ships and sailors to sail to the new world
John Calvin (1509-1564)
French theologian.
Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism.
Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
Gutenberg
German printer who was the first in Europe to print using movable type and the first to use a press (1400-1468)
Dante Alighieri
An Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy.
Described a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)
Thomas More
He was an English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man.
He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.
Leonardo Da Vinci
Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect.
Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.
Vasco Da Gama
Portuguese explorer.
In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Bartolomeau Dias
First European sailor to sail around the tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
Balboa
Spanish explorer who discovered the Pacific Ocean (1475-1519)
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Seljuk Turks
Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia.
Staunch Sunnis.
Ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century
Machiavelli
Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong.
Accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."
Feudalism
Social system based on land ownership and service.
Lord
Noble who grants land to vassals.
Vassal
Person granted land in exchange for service.
Legalism
Philosophy emphasizing strict laws and harsh punishments.
Confucius (551-479 BCE)
A Chinese philosopher known also as Kong Fuzi and created one of the most influential philosophies in Chinese history.