Latin final review

Noun Declension:

Active:

Relative Clause/pronouns

Ablative of accompaniment: ( quocum,quacum,quibuscum)

Demonstratives

Imperfect tense

Active: was—-ing, used to —-, or —----ed

Passive: was being….

Prepositions with the Ablative:

Prepositions with the Accusative:

Declension Adjectives:

Ablative Absolute: With the noun having been verbed

Formation of Adverbs:

1. 1st and 2nd Declension Adjective

• Fins the adjective stem and add -e( with long mark at the top)

• Translation: “----ly  Ex: Latus,a,um —- late( widely

2. 3rd Declension Adjectives

• Find the adjective stem and add -iter ir ter( if the stem end in ¨nt¨ just add -er)

• Same translation-  Acer,acris,acre— acriter

Participles

Future active participle

• Translate “about to—-¨

• Drop the-us, -a, um ending from the fourth principal part

• Add-urus,-ura,-urum( Ex: amaturus,-ura,-urum)

• Declines like a 1st and 2nd declension adjective

Future passive participle

• Translates¨[ who/which] must be ____ed”or”[ who/which] needs to be ___ed¨

• Formed from the first principle part

• End in either-andus,-a,-um ( 1st Conjugation) or-endus,-a,-um ( all other Conjugations

• Declines like a 1st and 2nd declension adjective

Active Periphrastic

• The future active participle used with forms of sum is called the Active Periphrastic. It shows a future or intended action.  Ex: ( Milites pugnaturi sunt.- The soldiers are about to fight.

Passive Periphrastic

• The future passive participle( Gerundive) used with forms of sum is called the Passive Periphrastic. It shows obligation or necessity. The participle must agree in case, gender, and number with the subject. Ex: ( Hostes vincendi sunt.-- The enemy must be defeated.)

INFINITIVES

A. Present Active Infinitives 

• 2nd PP of a verb (Capere, Mittere etc.)

• Translates as “to verb” (To capture, to send)

B.  Present Passive Infinitives

• Translates as  “to be verbed” (to be captured, to be sent), formations depend on conjugation

  • 1st, 2nd, 4th: Conjugation: 2nd PP and change -re to -rī  (amari, videri, audiri)

  • 3rd, 3rd Io: Drop -ere from 2nd PP and add long i (mitti, capi)

C. Perfect Active Infinitives

• Drop the long i from 3rd PP and add -isse (amavisse, misisse) 

• Translates to “to have verbed”

D. Perfect Passive Infinitives 

• 4th PP + -esse (sum infinitive)

• Translates as “to have been verbed” (Amatus, a, um. Missus a, um)

E. Future Active Infinitives 

• Drop the- us,- a,-um, from the 4th PP and add urus, ura, urum, then add esse

• Translates as “to be about to verb” (Don’t expect to see this ever)

• (e.g amaturus, a, um,    missurus, a, um

Ablative Absolute

• A clause loosely connected to the sentence, will always begin the sentence. To identify, look for a fustercluck of ablatives and an ablative participle 👀

1. Noun-Participle 

• Noun in Ablative case which is never the same subject as the main verb (“behind” the ablative absolute)

• Participle in the Ablative case (agrees with noun in gender number case)

  • Present active participle= with the (noun) verbing

  • Perfect passive participle= with the (noun) having been verbed→imo more common to see

2. Noun-Noun

• Two ablative nouns with the “silent” verb “being” with no actual participle

• Translates as: with the (noun) being (noun)

Indirect Statement (Present Tense)

• A clause that expresses thought, belief, or mental action

• Three components: Verb of Mental Action/ VMA, Accusative subject, and an Infinitive

• Indirect Statement=VMA+(Accusative subject+Infinitive)

TABLE:

Comparison of adjectives

 Comparative Degree

• Formed by adding ior (m and f) or ius (n) to the adjective stem, declines like a 3rd declension noun

• Genitive S is –ioris, translates as “er”, “rather”, or “more”

Superlative Degree

• Formed by adding issimus, a, um  to the stem, translates as “Very”, “most”, “--est”

• Declines like 1st/2nd declension noun

Ablative of Comparison

• A second object is used in the ablative after a comparative, without quam

  • E.g Haec via est longior illa→ that road is longer than that one

Quam+Comparative

• The adverb “quam” in the ablative after a comparative to compare two words in the same case

  • Romani erant diligentiores quam Germani→The Romans were more diligent than the Germans 

Special adjective Comparative

• For adjectives that end in –eus and -ius add “magis” + positive (regular form) of the adjectives and decline like 1st/2nd declension 

  • E.g “idoneus, a, um”

Special adjective Superlative

• Regular

  • Add issimus, a, um to stem

• –er adjectives (e.g pulcher, celer)

  • Add –rimus, a, um to the masculine positive form

• 6 –lis adjectives (e.g facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, humilis, gracilis)

  • Add –limus, a, um to the stem

• –eus/ius adjectives (e.g idoneus, aureus)

  • Add “maxime+positive form”

Indirect Command

It is a dependent use of the subjunctive following verbs of asking, commanding, or persuading.

• Introduced by ¨ut¨ or ¨ne¨, and use a present or imperfect subjunctive

• The object of the main verb is the subject of the Indirect command

Ex: Odysseus a poeta quaesivit ne tristia carmina de Bello Troiano cabaret.

Odysseus asked the poet not to sing about the Trojan War.

Result Clauses

Is a dependant use of the subjuctive which follows a main clause that has a word like:

• Always begins with ¨ ut¨; To make negative add non, nullus, or numquam after ¨ut¨

Substantive 

Follows the verbs: accidit and evenit(it happens/it happened)

Ex: Accidit ut luna nuper esset plena.- It happened that the moon was recently full.

Special Deponent( PUFFV) Verbs ( Rely on the ABLATIVE)

Ex: Auro heroes potitur. - The Hero obtains gold

Deponent Subjunctive 

# look passive but translate active

Subjunctives

1. Present Subjunctive

• Go to 2nd pp and drop the - ari/eri/i/iri

( shE wEAr A dIAmond tIAra)

• One you add the vowel, thenn add the endings: r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur

2. Imperfect Subjunctive

• Go to 2nd pp drop the ending and create the pseudo-infinitive by adding -are/-ere/-ere-ire

• Then add the ending: -r,-ris,-tur,-mur,-mini,-ntur

3. Perfect and Pluperfect Sunbjunctive

• Perfect: To form the perfect use the 4th principal part and write with the perfect subjunctive forms of sum separately.

• Passive: To form the pluperfect use the 4th principal part and write with the imperfect subjunctive forms of sum.

Ex: [1st singular, masc.]  Conjugationb: 3rd  Perfect participle: locutus

Gerund and Gerundives

1. Gerund

• Translates as ¨____ing¨

• Forming: add-nd to the present stem, the add appropriate ending – All forms are 2nd declension neuter singular.

• Present active infinitive are used for nominative

2. Gerundive

• Verbal adjective: future passive participle

• Add andus-a,-um(1st comhigation) or endus,-a,-um( all other conjugation) to the present stem

• Declines like a 1st and 2nd declension adjective

• Usually take the accusative 

• Genitive: = “for the sake of___ing

• Accusative: add+(acc.)= “for the purpose of___ing¨ or ¨ to____¨

• Ablative( of means): ¨by___ing¨

1. Practice Review: 

• Noun-Adjective agreement

1. Nostra timor______PERICULĨ est maxima

[hic,haec,hoc- this]

2. Natura HÃRUM________ est difficilis ad intellegendum.

[res,rei,f,-thing]

• Case Use

1. Lucius amicam ad Forum SẼCUM ambulaturam esse separate.

________________

2. Unus MILITUM erit dux.

________________

• Relative Clauses

[qui,quae,qud]

1. I captured the soldiers WHOM the enemy sent.

____________

2. I have a neighbor WHOSE son plays football.

____________

• Participles

1. Caesar, copias in proelium Ducturus, a populo laudatus est.

__________

2. The size of The Growing Moon impressed the children.

[ luna,-ae,f.: moon,| cresco, -ere, crevi,cretus-to gtow]

____________

Reading: 

1  Annō quīnquāgēsimō secundō post rēgēs ēxāctōs, cum exercitus Rōmānus in Algidō 2  monte ab Aequīs obsidērētur, L. Quīnctius Cincinnātus, vir eximiō ingeniō, dictator 3  factus est quod omnēs virtūte praestitit. Cincinnātus trāns Tiberim agrōs manibus suīs 4  arāns ab lēgātīs rūrī inventus est, quī eum rogāvērunt ut senatūs mandāta audīret. 5  Maximē admirātus, uxōrem domō togam efferre iubet. Deīnde, pulvere ac sūdore 6  abstersō, togātus ad legātōs prōcēdit, quī eum dictātorem salūtabant. 7  Proximā nocte Cincinnātus auxiliō militibus in Algidō monte exercitum 8  dūcit atque ipse operibus aciem hostium circumdēdit. Paulisper Aequī ancipitī proeliō 9  maximā cum difficultāte pugnābant, sed brevī tempore pacem petebant. Hostibus 10 Cincinnātus pepercit, sed eōs sub iugum mīsit. Sēdecim post diēbus sē dictāturā 11 abdicāvit atque ad agrum suum rediit.

1 annō quinquāgēsimō secundō – in the 52^nd year 6 pulvere…abstersō – after wiping the dust & sweat

exigō, exigere, exēgī, exactus – to drive out togātus – wearing his toga 

2 Mount Algidus, a mountain southeast of Rome 8 opera, operum, n. (pl) – fortifications

Aequī, a neighboring tribe paulisper (adv.) – for a little while

obsideō, obsidēre, obsēdī, obsessus – to besiege ancipitī proeliō – in a battle on two fronts

eximius, -a, -um – rare  

ingenium, -ī, n. – character, talent 10 pepercit (pepercī = 3^rd principal part of parcō)

sub iugum – it was humiliating for a defeated army to 

3 praestō, praestāre, praestitī – to surpass be sent under the yokes of their spears

dictātura, -ae, f. – dictatorship 

4 arō (1) – to plow

mandātum, -ī, n. – order 11 sē abdicō (1) – to resign (from)

1. What did Cinncanatus order his wife to do? “ Deinde…..iubet¨ (5)

____________________________________

2. Fully Analyze ¨ Factus Est¨ (3)

_________________________

3. What qualities of Cincinnatus are highlighted in this passage?

__________________________________________________