Geography

Geography

Introduction to geography

Nature of geography

The human/cultural and physical environment

  • Human environment refers to the artificial environment that is created by humans.

  • The cultural environment is a business concept that helps comprehend a group of people's or society's norms and collective ideas based on their culture, religion, location, nationality, language

  • The Physical Environment refers to the external surroundings and conditions in which we live and which influence a person's health. E.g. lakes and schools;.

Geographic tools e.g. types of maps

  • Topographic map - political map

SPICESS BOLTSS

Space Border

Place Orientation

Interconnection Legend

Change Title

Environment Scale

Sustainability Source

Scale

Skills

Climate Graphs

Continents and oceans

Continents

  • North america

  • South america

  • Australia

  • Asia

  • Europe

  • Africa

  • Antarctica

Oceans

  • Arctic

  • North Atlantic

  • South Atlantic

  • North Pacific

  • South Pacific

  • Indian

  • Southern oceans.

Synoptic charts

  • hPa (saying what the air pressure is like)

  • Isobars show the air pressure measured in hPa use high elevation

  • High pressure - sun, blue sky, calm wind Clockwise

  • Low pressure - unstable, rain, wind (strong if isobars are together) Anticlockwise

Latitude and longitude

  • Longitude measures distance east or west of the prime meridian.

  • Latitude measures the distance north or south of the equator.

Topographic maps: AR and GR, contour lines, direction, scale

  • Contour lines only on topographic maps

Bearings

Figure out one's position or situation relative to one's surroundings.

Sketch maps

An outline map drawn from observation rather than from exact survey measurements and showing only the main features of the area.

Landscapes and landforms

Introduction to landscapes/landforms

  • A landscape is part of Earth's surface that can be viewed at one time from one place.

  • A landform is a feature on Earth's surface that is part of the terrain. Mountains, hills, plateaus, and plains are the four major types of landforms.

Different types of landscapes

Mountain landscape

Steep, stopping slides and sharp rounded ridges and a high point called a peak or a summit.

Formed by tectonic plates on earth's surface pushing against each other.

Desert landscape

Dunes towering bare peaks, flat topped rock formations and smoothly polished canyons.

Mesas, butter canyons, arroyos, arches, rock pedestals.

Rainforest landscape

Wet misty with high rainfalls.

Mountains, valleys and floodplains.

Grassland landscape

Area in which the vegetation is dominated by a nearby continuous cover of grass

Prairies and steppes.

Polar landscape

Cold and dry deserts ti brush and lush tundra plant on frozen soil to ice caps.

Tundra, permafrost, lakes, rivers, glaciers, ice sheets and ice sleeves,

Karst landscape

Enclosed depressions sinkholes, sinking streams and springs.

Caves sinkholes and underground streams.

Aquatic landscape

Seas, oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, marshes, lagoons, streams and swamps.

Lakes ponds, streams, rivers and swamps.

Different landforms (Coastal)

Landforms E.g.

  • Sand

  • Ocean

  • Rocks

  • Shells

  • Cliffs

  • Trees

  • Sand dune

  • Beaches

  • Sea Stacks

  • Rock pools

  • Arches

  • Bays

  • Headland

  • Cliff face

  • Sea stocks

  • Beach front

  • Rock platforms

How do we use the coast?

We swim in the ocean and gather food

How do landscapes form?

Waves, wind and tectonic plates (earthquakes) make landscapes.

How are coastal landscapes shaped?

Where the water meets the land form and the rain.

12 Apostles

How were the 12 apostles formed?

They were formed by erosion. The harsh weather conditions from the southern ocean helped as well.

8 Fascinating Facts about the Great Ocean Road and 12 Apostles

  • It is the world's largest war memorial. ...

  • It's 243 kilometres long. ...

  • There are at least 638 known shipwrecks lying at the bottom of the ocean along the Great Ocean Road. ...

  • The 12 Apostles were originally called the Sow and Piglets. ...

  • But there were never 12 Apostles.

Values of landscapes/landforms

  • cultural value

  • spiritual value

  • aesthetic value

  • economic value.

Protection/management of landscapes/landforms

COLLAROY

  • It is in NSW

  • 40 mins from st caths

HOW TO PROTECT

  1. Beach scraping

Rechaping beach and dune landforms.

  1. Beach nourishment

Adding sediment onto directly adjacent to an eroding beach

  1. Sand recycling

Reusing sand

  1. Dune building

Making a man made dune

  1. Artificial reefs

A man made beef that has characteristics of a real one

  1. Groynes

Rock or geotextile material begs that trap sand

  1. Seawalls

A structure made of concrete.

AREA AROUND COLLAROY

Collaroy Beach is partly protected from the wind and swell from the south, making it a perfect beach for beginners, swimmers and families. There is also a saltwater ocean pool however, if you prefer a smaller and quieter beach, just a short walk around the corner you will find Fishermans and Long Reef Beach.

SHOULD WE PROTECT COLLAROY?

Collaroy had erosion from coastal storms on the northern beaches and we have to protect it.

SIERRA LEONE

  • It is in west africa

  • Near guinea, liberia and ghana

  • Lots of deforestation

  • Population 8.06 million (2022)

NUSA

  • In queensland

Geomorphic hazards.

What is it

  • A geomorphic hazard is a process or event in the physical environment that has the potential to negatively affect humans, their activities or the environment.

Examples

  • Volcanic eruptions

A volcanic eruption is the expulsion of gases, rock fragments, and/or molten lava from within the Earth through a vent onto the Earth's surface or into the atmosphere.

  • Earthquake

the sudden release of strain energy in the Earth's crust, resulting in waves of shaking that radiate outwards from the earthquake source.

  • Tsunami

Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.

  • Landslide

a mass movement of material, such as rock, earth or debris, down a slope.

Place and liveability

What is liveability?

Liveability can be defined as: the qualities and characteristics of a place that support wellbeing and quality of life.

Factors affecting liveability

  • Urban amenity

  • Housing

  • Transport

  • Air and water quality

  • Access to the natural environment

  • Heritage

  • Social and aesthetic aspects.

Enhancing liveability

  • Access to fresh water

  • Food

  • Housing

  • Transport

  • Health care

  • Education

  • Safe and stable built

  • Natural environment.

Sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Water in the world

Types of resources: natural, renewable, continuous, non-renewable

  • Natural: oceans, rivers, and lakes.

  • Renewable resources: Recycled water e.g. using the water from your shower for the toilet, Aquifers to clean water and then can be used again.

  • Continuous: The amount of water on Earth will always remain the same. We can't run out of water because water continuously works its way through the water cycle.

  • Non renewable: Non-renewable water resources are not replenished at all or for a very long time by nature. This includes the so-called fossil waters.

Water cycle

Condensation - It is the process by which a gas Changes into a liquid

Precipitation - Precipitation is any liquid or frozen water that forms in the atmosphere and falls back to the earth.

Transpiration

Infiltration

Interpreting weather maps

Australia’s water resources

  • Rainwater.

  • Groundwater – This includes water bodies like Wells and Springs.

  • Surface water – This includes different water bodies like Reservoirs, Rivers, Streams, Ponds, Lakes and Tanks.

Hydrological hazard: impacts

A 'Hydrological Hazard' refers to a type of natural disaster that involves water-related events. E.g.

  • inland flooding

  • coastal surge

  • wet mass movements like landslides

  • Avalanches

  • subsidence

Practice test

Yearly Examination: Introduction to Geography

Student Name: Isabel Rose-Innes

Date: ______________________

Instructions:

  • Answer all questions in the space provided.

  • Use diagrams where necessary to illustrate your answers.

  • Ensure your answers are clear and concise.

  • The exam is worth a total of 100 points.

Section 1: Nature of Geography (15 points)

1.1 Human and Cultural Environment (5 points)

  1. Define the human environment and give an example. (3 points)

  2. Explain the concept of the cultural environment and its significance. (2 points)

1.2 Physical Environment (5 points)

  1. What is the physical environment? Provide examples of features found in this category. (5 points)

1.3 Geographic Tools (5 points)

  1. List two types of maps and describe their purposes. (3 points)
    a) ________________________________________________________
    b) ________________________________________________________

  2. Explain the SPICESS and BOLTSS acronyms. (2 points)

Section 2: Geographic Skills (20 points)

2.1 Climate Graphs and Synoptic Charts (10 points)

  1. Describe how to interpret a climate graph. (5 points)

  2. Explain what isobars indicate on a synoptic chart. (5 points)

2.2 Latitude and Longitude (5 points)

  1. How do latitude and longitude help in determining location? (5 points)

2.3 Population Pyramids (5 points)

  1. What is a population pyramid, and what information does it convey? (5 points)

Section 3: Landscapes and Landforms (20 points)

3.1 Types of Landscapes (10 points)

  1. Describe the characteristics of a mountain landscape. (5 points)

  2. Identify features of a desert landscape. (5 points)

3.2 Coastal Landforms (10 points)

  1. List and describe three coastal landforms. (6 points)
    a) ________________________________________________________
    b) ________________________________________________________
    c) ________________________________________________________

  2. How are coastal landscapes shaped? (4 points)

Section 4: Values and Protection of Landscapes (15 points)

4.1 Values of Landscapes (5 points)

  1. Discuss the different values of landscapes (cultural, spiritual, aesthetic, economic). (5 points)

4.2 Protection and Management (5 points)

  1. What strategies can be used to protect coastal landscapes? (5 points)

4.3 Case Study: Collaroy (5 points)

  1. Describe the features of Collaroy Beach and discuss whether it should be protected from erosion. (5 points)

Section 5: Geomorphic Hazards (10 points)

5.1 Definition and Examples (10 points)

  1. What is a geomorphic hazard? Provide three examples. (10 points)

Section 6: Liveability (10 points)

6.1 Understanding Liveability (5 points)

  1. Define liveability and list factors that affect it. (5 points)

6.2 Enhancing Liveability (5 points)

  1. What measures can be taken to enhance livability in urban areas? (5 points)

Section 7: Water Resources (10 points)

7.1 Types of Water Resources (5 points)

  1. Differentiate between natural, renewable, continuous, and non-renewable water resources. (5 points)

7.2 The Water Cycle (5 points)

  1. Explain the stages of the water cycle: condensation, precipitation, transpiration, and infiltration. (5 points)

Section 8: Hydrological Hazards (5 points)

8.1 Hydrological Hazards (5 points)

  1. Define hydrological hazards and provide examples. (5 points)

Total Points: _____ / 100

End of Exam