AP Human Geography - Agriculture
Absolutely. Here’s a 100-term AP HUG Unit 5 (Agriculture) flashcard set pulled directly from the study guide, focused on key terms + processes (high-yield for MCQ + FRQs).
🌾 AP Human Geography Unit 5 Flashcards (100 Terms)
1. Agriculture
Definition: Planting/harvesting domesticated plants and raising domesticated animals for food/products.
2. Domestication
Definition: Human control and breeding of plants/animals for food and labor.
3. Domesticated Species
Definition: Plants/animals intentionally raised and modified by humans.
4. Physical Environment
Definition: Natural features (climate, soil, terrain) that shape farming practices.
5. Soil Fertility
Definition: How nutrient-rich soil is, affecting crop productivity.
6. Topography
Definition: Shape and physical features of land (flat, hilly, mountainous).
7. Climate
Definition: Long-term average weather patterns of a region.
8. Weather
Definition: Short-term atmospheric conditions.
9. Tropical Climate
Definition: Hot, wet climate near the equator, good for farming.
10. Dry Climate
Definition: Climate with very low precipitation, difficult for farming.
11. Semi-arid Region
Definition: Region with limited rainfall, farming is risky.
12. Moderate Climate
Definition: Mild temperatures and rainfall, ideal for agriculture.
13. Mediterranean Climate
Definition: Mild wet winters and hot dry summers.
14. Intensive Agriculture
Definition: High labor/capital inputs on small land to maximize yield.
15. Extensive Agriculture
Definition: Low labor/capital inputs over large land areas.
16. Yield
Definition: Amount of food produced per unit of land.
17. Subsistence Agriculture
Definition: Farming to feed the farmer and family.
18. Commercial Agriculture
Definition: Farming to sell for profit.
19. Monocropping
Definition: Growing one crop in a field at one time.
20. Monoculture
Definition: Growing the same crop repeatedly over many years.
21. Market Gardening (Truck Farming)
Definition: Growing fruits/vegetables near cities for sale.
22. Truck Farming
Definition: Another term for market gardening.
23. Plantation Agriculture
Definition: Large-scale commercial farming of one cash crop.
24. Cash Crop
Definition: Crop grown primarily for sale, not consumption.
25. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Definition: Crops and animals raised together, often supporting each other.
26. Shifting Cultivation
Definition: Farming land until fertility drops, then moving to new land.
27. Slash-and-Burn Agriculture
Definition: Cutting and burning vegetation to clear land and add nutrients.
28. Nomadic Herding
Definition: Moving livestock seasonally to find pasture and water.
29. Pastoral Nomadism
Definition: Another term for nomadic herding.
30. Ranching
Definition: Commercial raising of livestock on large land areas.
31. Feedlot
Definition: Confined area where animals are fattened quickly.
32. Agricultural Landscape
Definition: Visible land patterns created by farming practices.
33. Terrace Farming
Definition: Farming on steps cut into hillsides to reduce erosion.
34. Rice Terraces
Definition: Terraced hillsides used for rice cultivation in wet climates.
35. Rural Settlement
Definition: Where people live in the countryside, often near farms.
36. Clustered Settlement (Nucleated)
Definition: Homes grouped in a village, farmland outside.
37. Dispersed Settlement
Definition: Homes spread far apart on individual farms.
38. Linear Settlement
Definition: Homes arranged in a line along a river, road, or coast.
39. Land Survey System
Definition: Method used to divide land into property boundaries.
40. Metes and Bounds
Definition: Uses natural landmarks to define boundaries.
41. Township and Range
Definition: Grid-based land division system of squares.
42. Land Ordinance of 1785
Definition: U.S. law creating the township and range survey system.
43. Long Lot System
Definition: Long narrow land plots extending from a river.
44. Neolithic Revolution
Definition: First Agricultural Revolution; shift to farming (~10,000 BCE).
45. First Agricultural Revolution
Definition: Transition from hunting/gathering to settled farming.
46. Sedentary Agriculture
Definition: Farming while living permanently in one place.
47. Hunting and Gathering
Definition: Lifestyle relying on wild plants and animals.
48. Hearth
Definition: Place of origin of a cultural practice like agriculture.
49. Fertile Crescent
Definition: Major agriculture hearth in Southwest Asia.
50. Indus River Valley
Definition: Early agriculture hearth in South Asia.
51. Southeast Asia Hearth
Definition: Agricultural origin region known for rice and tropical crops.
52. Central America Hearth
Definition: Hearth where maize (corn) was domesticated.
53. Diffusion
Definition: Spread of cultural traits across space.
54. Expansion Diffusion
Definition: Trait spreads outward from its origin.
55. Columbian Exchange
Definition: Transfer of crops/animals/disease between Old and New Worlds.
56. Second Agricultural Revolution
Definition: Mechanization and improved farming during Industrial Revolution.
57. Industrial Revolution
Definition: Period of mechanized production that reshaped agriculture.
58. Mechanization
Definition: Replacing human labor with machines.
59. Seed Drill
Definition: Jethro Tull invention planting seeds efficiently in rows.
60. Mechanical Reaper
Definition: Machine that harvests grain quickly.
61. Steel Plow
Definition: John Deere invention for plowing tough prairie soil.
62. Rural-to-Urban Migration
Definition: Movement of people from farms to cities for jobs.
63. Third Agricultural Revolution
Definition: Green Revolution; high-yield crops and chemical farming.
64. Green Revolution
Definition: Spread of hybrid crops, fertilizers, irrigation (1960s–70s).
65. High-Yield Variety (HYV) Seeds
Definition: Hybrid seeds bred for maximum crop production.
66. Hybrid Crops
Definition: Crossbred plants designed for stronger yields.
67. Crossbreeding
Definition: Combining plant traits to create hybrids.
68. Fertilizer
Definition: Chemical/natural substance added to soil to increase productivity.
69. Pesticide
Definition: Chemical used to kill insects harming crops.
70. Irrigation
Definition: Artificial watering of land to grow crops.
71. GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)
Definition: Organism whose DNA has been altered in a lab.
72. Genetically Modified Crops
Definition: Crops engineered for traits like pest resistance.
73. Aquaculture
Definition: Farming fish or aquatic organisms.
74. Food Supply Chain
Definition: System of producing, transporting, and selling food.
75. Global Supply Chain
Definition: Worldwide network moving agricultural goods.
76. Agribusiness
Definition: Large corporations involved in commercial agriculture.
77. Family Farm
Definition: Farm owned/operated primarily by a family.
78. Farm Consolidation
Definition: Small farms merging into fewer, larger farms.
79. Economies of Scale
Definition: Larger production lowers cost per unit.
80. Commodity
Definition: Product that can be bought and sold (corn, coffee).
81. Commodity Chain
Definition: Steps of production-processing-distribution-consumption.
82. Value Added
Definition: Increasing a product’s worth through processing or packaging.
83. Vertical Integration
Definition: One company controls multiple stages of production/distribution.
84. Commodity Dependence
Definition: Economy relying heavily on exporting one crop.
85. Imperialism
Definition: Control of colonies for raw materials and economic profit.
86. Colonial Cash Crop Economy
Definition: Colonies forced to grow export crops instead of food crops.
87. Neocolonialism
Definition: Continued economic dependence after colonialism ends.
88. Infrastructure
Definition: Roads, ports, storage systems supporting trade.
89. Food Subsidy
Definition: Government financial support for farmers.
90. Tariff
Definition: Tax on imports that affects trade patterns.
91. Trade War
Definition: Economic conflict where countries impose tariffs on each other.
92. Fair Trade
Definition: System ensuring farmers in developing countries earn fair wages.
93. Ethical Consumerism
Definition: Buying products based on moral/environmental values.
94. Urban Farming
Definition: Growing food inside cities.
95. CSA (Community Supported Agriculture)
Definition: Consumers pay farmers upfront for seasonal food shares.
96. Organic Farming
Definition: Farming without synthetic fertilizers or pesticides.
97. Local Food Movement
Definition: Preference for buying locally produced food.
98. Food Insecurity
Definition: Lack of reliable access to sufficient nutritious food.
99. Food Desert
Definition: Area with limited access to affordable healthy food.
100. Environmental Degradation
Definition: Damage to ecosystems from farming (pollution, erosion, etc.).
Yes. Here are the added flashcards (the missing high-yield terms) written in the same format so you can plug them straight into your set:
⭐ Added Unit 5 Flashcards (High-Yield Missing Terms)
101. Von Thünen Model
Definition: Model explaining agricultural land use patterns based on distance from a central market.
102. Bid Rent Theory
Definition: Theory stating land value is highest near the CBD and decreases with distance, influencing land use.
103. CBD (Central Business District)
Definition: Central area of a city where businesses and markets are concentrated.
104. Perishability
Definition: How quickly a product spoils; more perishable goods must be produced closer to markets.
105. Transportation Costs
Definition: Expense of moving goods to market; higher costs influence what crops are grown and where.
106. Double Cropping
Definition: Planting and harvesting two crops on the same land in one year.
107. Soil Salinization
Definition: Build-up of salt in soil from irrigation, reducing fertility and crop growth.
108. Desertification
Definition: Process where fertile land becomes desert-like due to overuse, drought, or poor farming practices.
109. Eutrophication
Definition: When fertilizer runoff causes algae blooms that reduce oxygen in water and kill aquatic life.
110. Runoff
Definition: Water carrying fertilizers/pesticides from farms into rivers, lakes, and groundwater.
111. Carrying Capacity
Definition: Maximum population an environment can support sustainably with available resources.
112. Overgrazing
Definition: When too many animals graze land, destroying vegetation and causing erosion.
113. Deforestation
Definition: Clearing forests for farming, ranching, or plantations.
114. Wetland Drainage
Definition: Removing water from wetlands to create farmland, often harming ecosystems.
115. Transhumance
Definition: Seasonal movement of livestock between summer and winter pastures.
116. Sustainability
Definition: Using resources in a way that meets present needs without harming future generations.
117. Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)
Definition: U.S. program paying farmers to stop farming environmentally sensitive land to restore ecosystems.
118. Food Distribution
Definition: The process of transporting food from producers to consumers; unequal distribution causes hunger.
119. Malnutrition
Definition: Poor health caused by lack of proper nutrients, calories, or balanced diet.
120. Undernourishment
Definition: Condition where a person does not consume enough calories to meet basic energy needs.
121. Agricultural Runoff
Definition: Fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste flowing into water sources from farmland.
122. Gender Inequality in Agriculture
Definition: Unequal access to land, education, and resources for women farmers, reducing productivity and food security.
123. Women in Agriculture
Definition: The role women play in farming systems, often major in subsistence agriculture but undervalued.