9HE - Semester Two Test Revision 2024

THE DRUG EXPERIENCE

ALCOHOL

  • Definition: Alcohol refers to ethanol found in beverages like beer, wine, and spirits, responsible for intoxication.

  • Classification: Alcohol is a depressant, meaning it slows down brain function, impacting thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

  • Poison Risk: Consuming large amounts of alcohol can be poisonous.

    • Key Questions:

      • CFU 1: What is the main ingredient in alcohol?

      • CFU 2: Why are large amounts of alcohol poisonous?

      • CFU 3: What does alcohol do to the body?

CATEGORIES OF DRUGS

  • Stimulants: Increase CNS activity, enhancing alertness.

  • Depressants: Decrease CNS activity, lowering alertness.

  • Multi-Action Drugs: Produce multiple effects on the CNS and brain.

  • Hallucinogens: Induce altered perceptions of reality through sensory distortions.

STANDARD DRINKS

  • Definition: A standard drink measures alcohol content at 10g of alcohol.

  • Alcohol Content Overview:

    • Beer: 0.9% to 6% alcohol

    • Wine: 12% to 14% alcohol

    • Spirits: 40% to 50% alcohol

    • Effect Rate: Wine and spirits affect users faster than beer due to higher alcohol concentration.

ALCOHOL AND ITS IMPACT

  • Small Quantities: Act as depressants, mild mood relaxants.

  • Large Quantities: Lead to intoxication, severely affecting vital organs and behavior.

    • Intoxication: Defined as a state of altered normal behavior from drug influence.

    • CFU 1: Intoxication can be best described as...?

CANNABIS EFFECTS

IMMEDIATE EFFECTS FROM CANNABIS USAGE

  • Small Amount:

    • Confusion, inability to concentrate, relaxation, low blood pressure, increased hunger, bloodshot eyes.

  • Large Amount:

    • Nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, and potential for panic attacks.

  • Frequent Use Effects:

    • Dependence, psychological issues like anxiety and depression, learning difficulties, health risks including cancer, irregular menstrual cycles, lower sperm counts.

    • CFU 1: How does large use of cannabis impact an individual?

CONSEQUENCES OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USE

PREDICTIONS AND RISKS

  • Relationships:

    • Issues from public intoxication or behavior leading to embarrassment and trust breakdowns.

  • Legal:

    • Underage drinking consequences, potential court or prison time.

  • Lifestyle:

    • Job loss or decline in educational performance from drinking behavior.

  • Aggression and Violence:

    • Potential for harm in violent situations resulting from intoxication.

IMPACT ON BRAIN AND ORGANS

BRAIN IMPACT

  • CFU 1: How does alcohol impact the brain?

IMPACT ON ORGANS

  • CFU 1: How does alcohol impact the body's organs?

FACTORS IMPACTING ALCOHOL RISKS

  • Metabolism Duration:

    • It takes about 1 hour to metabolize 1 standard drink.

  • Influencing Factors:

    • Gender, height, weight, food intake, type of alcohol, consumption of other drugs.

  • Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC): Refers to the alcohol level in the bloodstream.

STRATEGIES FOR LOW-RISK DRINKING

  • Drink Responsibly:

    • Opt for water, drink slowly, avoid drinking games, consume food before drinking.

  • Set Limits:

    • Limit to 2 standard drinks.

  • Safety Plans:

    • Prepare transportation plans and take funds for safe transport home.

  • Self-Protective Measures:

    • Avoid risky situations and know trusted friends to stay with.

NUTRITIONAL COMPONENTS

CARBOHYDRATES

  • Types:

    • Low GI vs High GI (Glycaemic Index).

  • Function: Energy provision.

  • Food Sources:

    • Breads, cereals, starchy vegetables, fruits, sweets.

    • CFU 1: What is the function of carbohydrates?

    • CFU 2: What is the difference between low and high GI?

FATS

  • Types:

    • Saturated (bad) vs Unsaturated fats (good).

  • Function: Secondary energy source, insulation.

  • Food Sources: Nuts, olive oil, fatty fish, avocado, meat.

    • CFU 1: Why is consuming large amounts of fat bad?

    • CFU 2: All fats are bad for us, right?

PROTEINS

  • Structure: Composed of amino acids; vital for every cell.

  • Function: Growth and repair.

  • Food Sources: Red/white meat, eggs, beans, fish, cheese.

    • CFU 1: What is the function of protein?

    • CFU 2: What are the best types of proteins? Where do I get these?

VITAMINS AND MINERALS

  • Role: No energy but essential for bodily functions.

  • Function: Chemical reactions, skin health, infection defense, energy production.

  • Food Sources: Varied foods (fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins/minerals).

    • CFU 1: What is the function of vitamins and minerals?

WATER AND FIBER

  • Water: Supports cell function, nutrient transport, and body temperature regulation.

  • Fiber: Aids digestion and promotes fullness.

    • CFU 1: What is the function of fiber?

    • CFU 2: What is the function of water?

    • CFU 3: What happens when there is limited water?

AUSTRALIAN DIETARY GUIDELINES

PRINCIPAL RECOMMENDATIONS

  1. Maintain a healthy weight through physical activity and nutritious food choices.

  2. Consume a variety of foods from five groups daily.

  3. Limit intake of saturated fats, added sugars, salt, and alcohol.

  4. Promote and support breastfeeding.

  5. Ensure safe food preparation and storage.

FACTORS INFLUENCING FOOD CHOICES

  • Social and Cultural: Food customs, religious beliefs, family habits.

  • Physical: Technology, seasonality, availability, appetite.

  • Psychological: Comfort eating, body image concerns.

  • Political and Economic: Pricing policies, marketing influence, income impacts.

ENERGY BALANCE

  • Definition: Balancing energy intake (food) with energy expenditure (activity).

    • Weight Management:

      • Maintain weight by balancing food intake with energy output.

      • Excess food leads to fat storage.

STRATEGIES FOR MINIMIZING DIET-RELATED DISEASES

  • Monitor portion sizes; prefer grilled over fried items; understand food labels; consume less sugary drinks; maintain fruit and vegetable intake, control fat, salt, and sugar in the diet; adequate hydration.

    • CFU 1: What can an individual do to minimize diet-related diseases?

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES FOR DIETARY HEALTH

  • Initiatives include dietary guidelines, the Healthy Eating Pyramid, Heart Foundation Tick, health funding focused on chronic diseases, and awareness-raising campaigns.

    • CFU 1: What does the government do to prevent diet-related diseases?