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Nature & Elements of Communication Article - communication→transmission of ideas and emotions by using verbal and nonverbal cues - comunicare→origin of the word communication, latin word that means to share or to make common - - elements of communication - stimulus→idea of the sender - sender→person sending the idea - channel→medium of communication - receiver→person receiving the idea - feedback→reaction of the receiver - noise→barriers to communication - - communication process - communication process ↓ 1. sender has idea 2. sender encodes idea in message 3. message travels over channel 4. receiver decodes message 5. feedback travels to the sender 6. possible additional feedback to receiver - - Anthony Robbins→"the way we communicate others and ourselves ultimately determines the quality of our lives.”

Communication Models Article
- model of communication→a conceptual representation that is used to explain the communication process
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- types of communication models
- types of communication models ↓

1. linear communication model 2. interactive communication model 3. transactional communication model

linear communication model
type of communication model where speaker - speech (message) - audience (listener)→linear communication model
linear communication model→one way activity where information flows from the sender to the receiver, receiver is passive and only accepts information, and feedback is not a part of the process
interactive communication model
interactive communication model→a two way activity where the sender and the receiver have the same role. either one comes up with an idea, sends a message, and reacts to it
transactional communication model
transactional communication model→communication is a simultaneous activity and participants are senders and receiver that can send or receive messages anytime or at the same time
transactional communication model: field of experiece (8)→culture, background, age, education, mood, financial, security, gender, etc
message context of transactional communication model (4)→physical, semantic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal
- Verbal & Non-verbal Communication Article
verbal communication←use of words or speech in sending messages and transmitting ideas or feelings. for example, the words in a formation
basic concept of language (7)↓ ↓
- made up of symbols,
- enable internal and external communication,
- governed by rules
- , based on social convention/trends,
- can be learned
- , evolves,
- people (not words) create meaning
non-verbal communication→expressing ideas without words
non-verbal cues→body language, appearance, voice, and environment. it shows interactions among people, suggest how people feel, and provide clues not facts
John Stoker→"93% of communication happens through non-verbal behavior and tone; only 7% of communication takes plave through the use of words"
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types of non-verbal communication
5 types of non-verbal communication→proxemics, kinemics, chronemics, paralanguage, haptics
proxemics
proxemics→how the space of distance between the sender and the receiver affects their communication
kinemics
kinemics→body language in communication. gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions
chronemics
chronemics→role of time in communication. since various cultures have different perceptions of time, this may greatly affect communication
paralanguage
paralanguage→tone, speed, and volume of a speaker's voice. examples are sighs and gasps
haptics
haptics→touch to convey meaning and often dependent on culture
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Peter Drucker→"the most important thing in communication is hearing what isnt said"
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- Effective Communication Skills & Barriers Article
communication breakdown←(noun) happens when the message is not clearly understood by the receiver
jargon→(noun) words or phrases that are used by members of a particular group or trade and may not be understood by outsiders
idioms←(noun) phrases or expressions that convey meaning other than their literal meaning
heritage→(noun) an object, tradition, or identity handed down from one generation to the next
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barriers of communication
6 barriers of communication→language barriers, cultural beliefs, physical barriers, prejudging, information overload, lack of interest and attention
language barriers→two individuals do not have a common language, have an unfamiliar accent, or use unfamiliar words or expressions, jargon, and idioms
cultural beliefs←difficulty in communication due to differing principles, views, and beliefs. applicable to those who are insensitive to other people's heritage
physical barriers→hindrances to communication caused by environmental factors like noise, lightning, distance
prejudging→when a person believes that he or she understood what the speaker means even before the message is completely expressed and when the receiver immediately judges the message as unimportant
information overload→when one gives too much information at a time
lack of interest and attention→when a person is giving information that doesn't interest others or when a person is not giving their attention to the speaker or the message
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strategies to avoid communication breakdown
6 strategies to avoid communication breakdown→use time-gaining expressions to have more time to think, give positive remarks or comments, be specific, ask for repitition or clarification, check your understanding, do not jump to conclusions
use time-gaining expressions to have more time to think→fillers such as "go on", "let me see", and "tell me more" express that the speaker would like to think of a response or keep the conversation going
give positive remarks or comments→express interest in the flow of the conversation/ continue the conversation
be specific→use simple and direct words and appropriate facial expressions/gestures
ask for repitition or clarification→"can you please repeat what you said", "what did you say again?", "what do you mean?''. should be done politely
check your understanding→to verify what you know based on what they said or to verify if they understand what you said
do not jump to conclusions→listen to what others say before giving a verdict and allow the speaker to express his or her ideas freely before accepting or rejecting their ideas
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ways to achieve effective communication
4 ways to achieve effective communication→be focused, speak intelligibly, listen with your ears and eyes, minimize distractions
be focused→have a specific purpose for speaking or listening
how can you be focused as a speaker→determine your purpose for speaking and clearly express yourself to achieve it
how can you be focused as a listener→ascertain the speaker’s purpose through his or her verbal and nonverbal cues.
speak intelligibly→appropriate speaking volume (or loudness), rate (or the pace at which you speak), good enunciation (or the distinctness of the sound of spoken words), proper word stress, and correct or acceptable pronunciation.
listen with your ears and eyes→Nonverbal communication is as important as verbal communication and pay attention to the speaker’s verbal as well as nonverbal cues
minimize distractions←Block out any form of interference, or adjust to different forms of distraction.
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Rolloy May→"Communication leads to community, that is, to understanding, intimacy and mutual valuing."
- Intercultural Communication Article
Tony Robbins→“To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others.”
culture (2)↓ ↓

1. ever-changing values, traditions, social and political relationship, and worldview created and shared by a group of people bound together by a combination of factors which include common history, geographical location, language, social class and/or religion 2. can be understood as the system of knowledge that is shared by a particular group composed of a relatively large number of individuals

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elements of culture
4 elements of culture→symbols, rituals, values, heroes
symbols→verbal and non-verbal language
rituals→socially essential collective activities within a culture
values→feelins that are not open for discussion within a culture. more of unwritten rules that are followed by the society
heroes←real or imaginary people who serve as behavior models within a culture
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intercultural communication
Ting-Toomey, 1999→"(intercultural communication) this is happening when an individual interact, negotiate, and create meaning while bringing in their carried cultural backgrounds"
Gudykunst, 2003→"(intercultural communication) this pertains to communication among people from different nationalities"
intercultural communication (2) ↓

1. deals with how people from these cultural/social structures speak to one another and what difficulties and differences they encounter over and above the different languages they speak 2. talks about the knowledge, skills, and ompetence in overcoming language barriers and coping up with other cultures to have a common understanding

intercultural communication elements (6)→cultural sensitivity, self-awareness, gender, age, social status, religion
cultural sensitivity→The awareness that people have varying cultures and the similarities and differences of these cultures affect the values, behavior, and learning of people
Franklin & Mizell, 1995→The awareness that people have varying cultures and the similarities and differences of these cultures affect the values, behavior, and learning of people
self-awareness→The understanding of one’s self and place in the society. It is essential for better communication with others, especially with those who are different from you
men-only conversations←some tend to dominate the conversation, and they seldom talk about their private lives.
women-only conversations→usually allow everyone to participate, and they often talk about their personal relationships.
younger generation communication→digital format like text messaging or social networking
older generation communication→face-to-face discussion
social status→A person’s stand or position in the society
ascribed social class→determined at birth through characteristics such as age, sex, race, and family background.
Achieved social class←acquired through a person’s ability, talent, skill, and perseverance. This can be seen in their educational attainment or occupation.
religious belief←Belief in the existence of a supernatural or spiritual aspect of a religion.
the foundation of intercultural communication in terms of social status and religion lies in→respect for each others’ differences.
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barriers to intercultural communication
language barriers→when two individuals do not have a common language, have an unfamiliar accent, or use unfamiliar words or expressions, jargon, and idioms.
cultural barriers→difficulty in communication due to differing principles, views, and beliefs. also applicable to those who are insensitive to other people’s heritage.
7 types of cultural barriers→hate speech, othering, anxiety, assuming similarities instead of differences, ethnocentrism, stereotype, prejudice
hate speech→threats or verbal slurs against specific group of people
othering←refers to the labeling and degrading of cultures and subgroups outside of one’s own
anxiety→the feeling of being nervous
Assuming similarities instead of differences→can lead to inability to recognize the important things that cultures share in common
ethnocentrism←negative judgement in aspects of another culture by standards of one own’s culture
stereotype→negative or positive judgements made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership
prejudice→refers to the irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group, race, religion or social orientation
the intercultural communication kit (8) ↓

1. i prepare 2. i observe 3. i compare 4. i reflect 5. i inquire 6. i respect 7. i empathize 8. i engage

Speech Context Article
- Maryam Hasnaa→"confidence isnt thinking you are better than anyone else; its realizing that you have no reason to compare yourself to anyone else"
- speech context←refers to the situation or environment and the circumstances in which communication occurs.
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- speech context characteristics
- 4 speech context characteristics→number of participants, physical proximity of the participants in relation to one another, the channel used for the communication, the immediacy of the exchange
- speech context characteristic: number of participants→may involve just one person, two persons, a small group, or a large group of people.
- speech context characteristic: physical proximity of the participants in relation to one another→stand close to each other or may be distant or far from one another.
- speech context characteristic: the channel used for the communication→may happen face-to-face or over various channels such as through telephone calls or video calls.
- speech context characteristic: the immediacy of the exchange→In some communication situations, feedback is readily given and received, whereas in other situations, feedback is delayed, or there is no opportunity to Āive feedback.
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- **categories of communication **
- 2 categories of communication→formal and informal
- formal communication (3)→occurs mostly in a workplace/organinized environment, used in letters, memorandums, or e-mails, more systematic, documented, and planned than informal communication
- informal communication (3)→occurs in non-organized situations, everyday conversations, chatting, and spontaneous interactions, more authentic and not systematic
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- main types of speech context
- three main types of speech context→Intrapersonal speech context, Interpersonal speech context, Public communication
- **intrapersonal speech context **
- intrapersonal speech context (3)→communicating with oneself, involves only one participant, the individual is both the sender and the receiver og the message in the communication process
- how to use intrapersonal communication to make yourself a better communicator (2)→Learn about yourself by engaging in self-dialogue and practice self-affirmation.
- **interpersonal speech context **
- interpersonal speech context (2)→interdependent relationship between or among the participants and the action of one participant can directly affect the response or reaction of the other participant(s)
- how can interpersonal speech context be done→direct (face-to-face encounter) or indirect (done through the use of a tool or technology).
- 2 kinds of interpersonal communication→dyad and small group
- dyad←One-on-one, composed of two participants who take turns as the sender (or speaker) and the sreceiver (or listener) in the communication process
- small group←composed of three or more participants, or a group oÿ participants, who engage in a discussion, often to achieve a common goal such as to solve a problem, to perform an action or task, or to decide on something
- 4 tips on how to effectively communicate in an interpersonal speech context→Know the objective of the communication, Let the other participant(s) speak, Observe the other participants’ nonverbal behavior, Use words that are appropriate for the situation
- public communication
- public communication (3)→involves a single speaker and a sizable number of persons or an audience, the speaker is tasked to deliver a message or a speech of general interest to the audience, the speaker needs to use and sustain appropriate verbal and nonverbal cues to convey his or her message to the audience.
- 3 purposes of public communication→to inform, to persuade, to entertain
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- four contexts
- what are the 4 contexts→psychological, relational, situational, environmental
- psychological context←the participants and what each brings to the interaction. their needs, desires, values personality, and habits
- relational context←the relations the interactors have toward each other and how close or how distant that relationship is.
- situational context→emphasizes the psychosocial “where” the exchange happens. An interaction that takes place in a classroom will be very different from one that takes place at a picnic.
- environmental context→highlights the physical “where” they are communicating. The room arrangement, location, noise level, temperature, and time of the day are examples of factors in the environmental context.
Speech Styles Article
- speech style according to social context
- 3 speech style according to social context→aggressive, assertive, passive
- openly aggressive→direct in expressing his needs, desires, and opinions giving little or no thought to other people
- passive aggressive→indirectly expresses his needs, desires, and opinions but makes sure that others are aware of it, that it gives little or no thought to others
- assertive→similar to aggressive behavior but it gives consideration to the opinion of others
- passive→opposite of aggressive behavior, the communicator does not express his needs, desires and opinions directly and puts others’ needs above his/her own
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- speech style
- speech style (2)←a particular style of speaking when a person interacts with others and it indicates the level of formality with which a person speaks
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- types of speech styles
- 5 types of speech styles→intimate, casual, consultative, formal, frozen
- intimate→private, occurs between or among close family members or intimate individuals. the language used in this style may not be shared in public
- a couple thinking about their plans in the future is an example of what speech style→intimate
- casual←common among peers and friends. jargons, slang, street language, gay language, or vulgar words are used
- buddies, chats, letters to friends are examples of what speech style→casual
- consultative→formal and societal expectations accompany the users of this speech. it is a professional discourse
- communication between superior and subordinate, teacher to student, doctor and patient are examples of what speech style→consultative
- formal→used in formal settings and is one-way in nature. using this language usually follows a commonly accepted format and usually impersonal and formal
- sermons, rhetorical statements and questions, speeches are examples of what speech style→formal
- frozen→commonly used in ceremonies
- the pledge of allegiance, the lord's prayer, and preamble of the constitution are examples of what speech style→frozen
Speech Acts Article
- language or words←a tool to convey messages, ideas, and opinions.
- Speech Act←performing an action while speaking
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- speech act theory
- John Langshaw Austin (1962)→proposed the speech act theory
- John Rogers Searle (1969)→he futher developed the speech act theory. It is based on the premise that words not only convey information but that they can also carry out actions.
- what were Austin and Searle concerned with when it comes to speech→what the speaker means—which is his or her intention—when he or she says something rather than what the utterance literally means in a language.
- speech act theory ↓

1. to say something is to do something 2. people convey more than what their words encode 3. the utterance that a speaker makes to achieve and intended effect 4. regards language as a sort of action instead of a medium for coveying messages. often used in the field of philosophy of languages 5. the very basic unit of communication is the production or issuance of words, symbols, and sentences. these serve as the building blocks of mutual understanding between people and what they intend to communicate

the speech act theory states that→to speak is to act. Whenever we say or utter something, we do it for certain intentions. However, we still happen to misinterpret or misunderstand things.
what is the basic unit of communication according to speech act theory→production of issuance or words, symbols, and sentences
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types of speech acts
according to John Langshaw Austin (1962), what are the three types of speech acts→locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary
locutionary
locutionary→the actual act of uttering, saying a sentence with a meaning, and senteces have direct meanings
functions locution performs (7) ↓

1. asking or answering a question 2. announcing a verdict or an intention 3. giving inforation 4. pronouncing words 5. making an appeal 6. giving criticism 7. identifying or describing

illocutionary
illocutionary←the social function of what is said. may be informing, ordering, requests, warning, etc
perlocutionary
perlocutionary←the resulting act of what is said and it deals with what we bring about or achieve by saying something (convincing, persuading, deterring, or suprising). by saying something, a speaker gets an addressee to do something
perlocutionary act←effects, intentional or unintentional, the utterance has on the behavior, thoughts, and feelings of the addressee.
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searle's classification of illocutionary acts (John Rogers Searle, 1976)
what are the 5 classification of illocutionary acts according to searle→assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, declaration
assertive→the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition
suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding are examples of which classification of illocutionary acts→assertive
directive←speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action
asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging are examples of which classification of illocutionary acts→directive
commissive←commits the speaker to doing something in the future
promising, planning, vowing, and betting are examples of which classification of illocutionary acts→commissive
expressive→speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions
thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring are examples of which classification of illocutionary acts→expressive
declaration→brings a change in the external situation. for example, by saying "you are fired", an employer causes or brings about the person's unemployment, thus changing his external situation
blessing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicationg are examples of which classification of illocutionary acts→declaration