Final

DNA Structure Composed of nucleotides with a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base; forms a double helix
Nitrogen Base Pairing A pairs with T, and C pairs with G
DNA Replication Process of copying DNA before cell division
Semi-Conservative Replication Each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand
Where Replication Occurs Nucleus
Transcription Process where DNA is used as a template to make RNA
Where Transcription Occurs Nucleus
Translation Process where mRNA is used to build proteins
Where Translation Occurs Ribosome
RNA Base Pairing A pairs with U, and C pairs with G
Mutation A change in DNA structure that can alter proteins
Substitution Mutation One base is replaced with another
Frameshift Mutation Insertion or deletion that shifts the codon reading frame
Cancer Uncontrolled cell division caused by mutations in cell cycle genes
Interphase Growth and preparation stage before mitosis
G1 Phase Primary growth stage
S Phase DNA replication occurs here
G2 Phase Final preparation for cell division
Mitosis Process of cell division for growth and repair
Somatic Cells Body cells that undergo mitosis
Result of Mitosis 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells
Crossing Over in Mitosis Does not occur
Prophase Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase Sister chromatids separate to opposite sides
Telophase New nuclear envelopes form around DNA
Cytokinesis Cytoplasm splits into two cells
Stem Cells Unspecialized cells that can become specialized cell types
Meiosis Process that creates gametes for sexual reproduction
Gametes Sex cells such as sperm and egg
Result of Meiosis 4 unique haploid daughter cells
Crossing Over Exchange of DNA between homologous chromosomes during Prophase I
Purpose of Crossing Over Increases genetic diversity
Meiosis I Separates homologous chromosomes
Meiosis II Separates sister chromatids
Karyotype Visual chart of chromosomes
Normal Human Chromosome Number 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Male Sex Chromosomes XY
Female Sex Chromosomes XX
46,XX Normal human female
47,XY,+21 Male with Down syndrome
Nondisjunction Failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during meiosis
XXY Klinefelter syndrome
XYY Jacob’s syndrome
XXX Trisomy X
Gene Section of DNA that codes for a trait
Chromosome Coiled DNA structure containing many genes
Allele Different forms of a gene
Dominant Allele Expressed even when paired with another allele
Recessive Allele Only expressed when homozygous
Homozygous Two identical alleles
Heterozygous Two different alleles
Genotype Genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype Physical appearance or observable traits
Complete Dominance Dominant allele completely masks recessive allele
Incomplete Dominance Heterozygous phenotype is blended
Codominance Both alleles are fully expressed
Example of Codominance Type AB blood
Sex-Linked Traits Traits carried on sex chromosomes
Why Males Express More Sex-Linked Traits Males only have one X chromosome
Pedigree Family tree used to track inheritance of traits
Pedigree Square Symbol for male
Pedigree Circle Symbol for female
Shaded Symbol in Pedigree Individual expresses the trait
Evolution Change in allele frequencies of a population over generations
Example of Evolution Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Fossil Record Preserved remains showing changes in species over time
Embryological Evidence Similar embryo structures suggest common ancestry
Homologous Structures Same structure, different function, common ancestry
Example of Homologous Structures Human arm, whale flipper, bird wing
Analogous Structures Same function but different evolutionary origin
Example of Analogous Structures Bird wing and butterfly wing
Vestigial Structures Structures with little or no current function
Examples of Vestigial Structures Appendix and wisdom teeth
Biochemical Evidence Comparing DNA or protein sequences to determine relationships
Natural Selection Process where favorable traits become more common
Peppered Moth Example Dark moths survived better in polluted environments
Variation Differences in traits among individuals
Inheritance Traits can be passed from parents to offspring
Differential Survival & Reproduction Organisms with helpful traits survive and reproduce more
Adaptation Favorable traits increase in a population over generations
Taxonomy Science of classifying organisms
Taxonomic Hierarchy Broadest to most specific classification system
Structural Adaptation Physical feature that helps survival
Example of Structural Adaptation Viceroy butterfly mimicking Monarch butterfly
Eubacteria Prokaryotic unicellular organisms
Archaebacteria Ancient prokaryotic organisms
Protista Eukaryotic mostly unicellular organisms
Fungi Eukaryotic decomposers
Plantae Multicellular autotrophs that perform photosynthesis
Animalia Multicellular heterotrophs
Bacteria Living single-celled organisms treatable with antibiotics
Viruses Nonliving particles that require a host cell to reproduce
Effect of Antibiotics on Viruses Antibiotics do not work on viruses