Latin 2: Unit 7 Notes

7.1 - Subordinate Clauses: quod, quamquam, postquam, antiquated, ubi

Sentences often contain more than one section; if a section contains a finite verb (i.e. a verb with a person ending and a tense), then it is known as a clause.

The sentence below has two finite verbs, and so it has two clauses: we call the more important of these clauses the main clause, and the less important clauses the subordinate clause.

Ex) Because the kings were cruel (subordinate clause) the Roman’s were often afraid. (main clause)

Subordinate clauses always have a word or phrase at the start which shows how they connect to the main clause. This word is called a conjunction. Subordinate clauses can connect in different ways: for example, some subordinate clauses show the time of the main clauses, while other subordinate clauses show the cause of the main clause.

Ex) After Romulus killed Remus, he was the first king of Rome.

Romulus killed Remus because he was angry.

Latin often uses subordinate clauses. Here are some of the Latin conjunctions which are used at the start of a subordinate clause.

7.2 - Pronouns: is, ea, id

Pronouns are words that can be used to represent nouns. For example:

This king was cruel. The Romans killed him.

One of the most common pronouns is the word for he, she, it, they. Here are it’s different forms:

7.3a - Further Uses of Cases: Time Phrases

So far, you have met the accusative case in time phrases that show how long an action lasted.

multos annos Romulus erat rex. → For many years Romulus was king.

The ablative case is used in time phrases that show when an action took place.

prima hora servi cibum paraverunt. → At the first hour, the slaves prepared food.

anno secundo murum aedificavit. → In the second year, he built a wall.

7.4b - Further Uses of Cases: Place Phrases

One of the odd quirks of Latin is that prepositions are not used with the names of towns if we need to express going towards a town, going away from a town, or being at or in a town.

Instead the following three cases are used:

• accusative case: going towards a town

Romam festinavi. → I hurried to Rome.

• ablative case: going away from a town

Roma festinavi. → I hurried from Rome.

• locative case: being at or in a town

Romae manebam → I stayed in Rome.

7.5a - Pronouns: hic, haec, hoc and ille, illa, illud

Two other very common Latin pronouns are the words for this, these and that, those.

As with is, ea, id, both these pronouns have different forms depending on the gender and number of the noun they represent, but the case needed depends on their role in the sentence. Here are the different forms: