Comprehensive Study Guide for General Science Core Subject Term 1

Framework of Senior High School Science Instruction

• The Lesson Exemplar (LE) supports teachers in delivering meaningful, engaging, and standards-based instruction aligned with the Senior High School Instructional Design Framework (SHSIDF).

• Constructive alignment is ensured among curriculum standards, teaching-learning experiences, and assessment practices.

• The core of the instructional design is the AID Instructional Flow:

  • Activating Prior Knowledge: Connects prior experiences to new concepts and establishes the purpose of the lesson.

  • Instituting New Knowledge: Introduces new ideas through guided exploration, explicit instruction, and collaborative activities.

  • Demonstrating Knowledge and Skills: Provides opportunities for synthesis, application, and evidentiary assessment through remediation or enrichment.

• Key Program Integrations:

  • Integrative Performance Tasks (IPT): Authentic demonstrations of learning synthesized across areas. IPTs are developmental, cumulative, and presented at the beginning of a quarter.

  • EdTech Integration: Incorporation of digital platforms and educational technologies.

  • Literacy and Numeracy: Skills embedded to help interpret information and solve problems using established scientific terms and simple quantities.

Physics in Daily Life and Everyday Applications

• Physics principles apply to numerous aspects of everyday living, enhancing quality of life in household tasks, health, safety, work productivity, and leisure.

• Categories of Application:

  • Household: Included in appliances, cleaning tools, lighting, and water systems.

  • Health and Safety: Seen in seatbelts, helmets, body movement, and medicine.

  • Work Productivity: Present in machines, transportation, and communication devices.

  • Leisure and Entertainment: Integral to television, music, and mobile gaming.

  • Sports and Exercise: Observed in running, jumping, and swimming.

  • Cooking: Involves boiling, frying, refrigeration, and microwave ovens.

• Core Concept Mapping:

  • Motion: Explained through falling objects, rolling balls, or moving vehicles.

  • Force: Observed in pushing doors, pulling ropes, or braking a car.

  • Heat Transfer: Utilized in rice cookers (converts electrical energy to heat via resistance heating) and ironing.

  • Electricity and Energy: Demonstrated by charging cellphones or using flashlights.

  • Sound and Light: Integral to speaking, ringing bells, and vision.

• Safety Physics and Impact Time:

• Safety devices (helmets, airbags, knee pads, cushioned mats) work by increasing the time of impact.

• According to Newton’s Laws, increasing impact time reduces the force experienced by the body, preventing injury.

Translational and Rotational Motion

• Translational Motion: Occurs when all points of a body move the same distance in the same direction at the same time. The center of mass changes position.

• Rotational Motion: Occurs when a body turns around a fixed pivot or axis. Different points may cover different linear distances, and the center of mass may remain fixed.

• Respective Linear and Angular Quantities:

  • Displacement: Linear Displacement ($\Delta x$) measured in meters (m) vs. Angular Displacement ($\theta$) measured in radians (rad).

  • Velocity: Linear Velocity ($v$) measured in meters per second ($m/s$) vs. Angular Velocity ($\omega$) measured in radians per second ($rad/s$).

  • Acceleration: Linear Acceleration ($a$) measured in meters per second squared ($m/s^2$) vs. Angular Acceleration ($\alpha$) measured in radians per second squared ($rad/s^2$).

• Simultaneous Motion: Bodies can experience both types of motion at once, such as a ball spinning while flying, a stone rolling downhill, or the wheels of a vehicle in motion.

• Ergonomic Application: Pitchers with longer arms (larger radius) can throw a ball with faster linear speed than those with shorter arms, even at the same rotational rate.

Simple and Compound Machines

• Efficiency and Mechanical Advantage:

• Mechanical Advantage ($MA$): The ratio of a machine's output force (load) to the input force (effort). Formula: $MA = \frac{\text{Load}}{\text{Effort}}$.

• Efficiency: The ratio of useful output work to input work, expressed as a percentage. Real machines lose energy to friction and heat. Formula: $Efficiency = \frac{\text{Output Work}}{\text{Input Work}} \times 100$.

• Mechanical Work: Measured in Joules (J); Force measured in Newtons (N).

• Types of Simple Machines:

  • Lever: Moves around a fulcrum to reduce effort.

  • Pulley: Changes the direction of force and can reduce effort by increasing the distance the force is applied.

  • Inclined Plane (Ramp): Reduces force by increasing the distance of travel.

  • Wheel and Axle, Wedge, and Screw (inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder).

• Compound Machines: Combinations of two or more simple machines (e.g., bicycles, scissors, wheelbarrows).

• Characteristics of Efficient Machines: Low friction through lubrication, proper alignment of parts, and optimal mechanical advantage.

Physics of Fluids: Hydraulics and Buoyancy

• Pascal’s Principle: Pressure applied to an enclosed (confined) fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid.

• Pressure Formula: $P = \frac{F}{A}$, where $P$ is pressure, $F$ is force (Newtons), and $A$ is area ($m^2$).

• Force Multiplication in Hydraulics: If two pistons are connected in an enclosed system, $\frac{F<em>1}{A</em>1} = \frac{F<em>2}{A</em>2}$. A small force on a small area creates pressure that generates a larger force on a larger area.

• Applications: Car jacks, hydraulic breaks, excavators, and dentist chairs.

• Archimedes’ Principle: An object submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.

• Buoyant Force ($F_b$): Determines whether an object sinks or floats.

• Factors of Floating: Ability to float depends on shape, mass, and volume. A larger volume displaces more water, increasing buoyant force. An object floats if the fluid provides enough buoyant force to balance the object's weight.

Utilization of Electricity and Safety Practices

• Common Electrical Hazards:

  • Overloading: Connecting too many high-power devices to one outlet, causing overheating and potential fire.

  • Damaged Insulation: Exposed copper strands due to cracked or frayed wire coatings, increasing shock risk.

  • Damp/Wet Conditions: Water is conductive; wet outlets or handling devices with wet hands creates acute electrocution risks.

  • Faulty Wiring: Loose connections or improper installation resulting in flickering lights or buzzing.

• Safety Protocols and Response:

  • Use Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI) in wet locations.

  • Grounding: Provides a low-resistance path for fault current to dissipate into the earth.

  • Electrocution Response: Never touch a victim directly. Turn off the power source or use a non-conductive object (wood/rubber) to separate the victim from the source.

  • Fire Safety: Use CO2 extinguishers for electrical fires; never use water as it conducts electricity.

Energy Loss, Wastage, and Conservation

• Energy Loss: Unintended energy dissipation from equipment malfunction (e.g., a cracked refrigerator seal).

• Energy Wastage: Unnecessary consumption from behavior (e.g., lights left on, standby power from plugged-in chargers).

• Regulatory Framework (RA 11285): The Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act institutionalizes efficiency as a national way of life, promoting renewable technologies and providing incentives for conservation projects.

• Philippine 2023 Power Statistics (GWh):

  • Residential: 36,968

  • Commercial: 26,236

  • Industrial: 29,493

  • Total Consumption (including sales, own use, system losses): 118,004 GWh.

  • Total fire incidents (Jan 1-Feb 27, 2025): 2,307, with 625 caused by electrical issues. Total damage reported: 1,609,188,402 Philippine Pesos.

Properties of Light and Sound in Technology

• Wave Properties: Reflection (bouncing off surfaces), Refraction (bending through mediums), Frequency (cycles per second), Amplitude (wave height), Wavelength (distance between points in phase).

• Communication and Navigation:

  • GPS: Uses radioactive/microwave electromagnetic signals (not visible light) from satellites.

  • Wi-Fi: Uses radio waves to transmit data wirelessly.

  • Fiber Optics: Uses light pulses for high-speed internet.

• Medicine:

  • Ultrasound: Uses reflected sound waves to create images of internal structures.

  • X-rays and Gamma Rays: Used for medical imaging and cancer treatment.

• Industry and Entertainment:

  • Lasers: Highly precise, focused light beams used in surgery, barcode scanners, and engraving.

  • LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes): Energy-efficient lighting with long lifespans.

  • Soundproofing: Uses materials to absorb or block vibrations.

  • Sound Amplifiers (e.g., Stethoscopes): Capture subtle vibrations and deliver concentrated sound.

Historical Impact of Chemists: Louis Pasteur

• Molecular Asymmetry: Discovered that molecules can exist as mirror images of each other.

• Germ Theory of Disease: Disproved spontaneous generation using the Swan-Neck Flask experiment. Proved that microorganisms from the environment cause disease and fermentation.

• Pasteurization: A process using heat to kill harmful bacteria in beverages (milk, juice) to extend shelf life and ensure safety.

• Vaccines: Developed life-saving immunizations for Rabies (first viral vaccine), Anthrax, and Fowl Cholera by using weakened bacteria to produce immunity.

• Social and Economic Impact: Saved the French wine and silk industries from spoilage and disease.

Chemical Substances in Household Products

• Active Ingredients and Functions:

  • Bleach: Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) for disinfecting and whitening through oxidation.

  • Detergent: Contains Surfactants (lift dirt/grease) and Enzymes (break down protein stains).

  • Baking Soda: Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) as a leavening agent and odor neutralizer.

  • Toothpaste: Sodium Fluoride to strengthen teeth/prevent cavities; Abrasives for cleaning.

  • Soap: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) for production; Glycerin to retain skin moisture.

  • Shampoo: Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) as a cleansing agent; Preservatives (parabens) for shelf life.

• Regulatory Agencies in the Philippines:

  • FDA (Food and Drug Administration): Ensures safety of health products, cosmetics, and personal care formulations.

  • DTI (Department of Trade and Industry): Regulates product labeling standards and consumer safety.

  • DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources): Oversees environmental safety and proper waste disposal of hazardous substances.

• Hazard Classifications: High risk/Hazardous (toxic, flammable, corrosive), Moderate risk/Caution, and Low risk/Safe/Mild.