MS 2 Year notes

Land Navigation (land nav)

• Major terrain features

  • Hidden

    • Hill

      • 1 knuckle

  • Valley

    • Valley

      • dip of palm

  • Salad

    • Saddle

      • divit between knuckles

  • Ranch

    • Ridge

      • knuckles

  • Dressing

    • Depression

      • cup hand

• Minor terrain featues

  • Draws

    • angles higher

  • Spurs

    • angles lower

  • Cliff

    • contor lines come together

• Supplementary terrain features

  • Cut

    • lines go in

  • Fill

    • lines go out

• Colors

  • Black

    • man-made

  • Red

    • man-made

  • Green

    • Vegetation w/ military significance

  • Blue

    • hydropgrah/water features

  • Brown

    • relief features

  • Other

    • special information

• How to plot a point:

  FG 1036 9912

• FG

  • map section

• 1036

  • left & right

• 9912

  • up & down

• 4 digits

  • within 1,000 m

• 6 digits

  • within 100 m

• 8 digits

  • within 10 m

    1. Start in bottom left of the square

    2. move right then up

    3. Know where you are

       1. SP

          1. Starting Point

    4. Plan the route

       1. Direction

          1. Azimuth

             1. Grid

                1. draw a line

                2. put the hole of the protractor at the SP

                3. see which tick the lines goes to

             2. Magnetic

                1. grid - 5.4

             3. Backwards

                1. under 180° → add 180°

                2. over 180° → subtract 180°

       2. Distance

    5. Stay on the route

• Techniques

  • Dead reckoning

  • Terrain association

  • Attack Points

    • check-points

  • Back stop

    • terrarin features

Fundamentals of Leadership (ALRM)

“We lead people; we manage things. Good officership requires an implicit balance of both.”

“I’d rather be a human being, dissatisfied; than a pig, satisfied.”

• ALRM

  • Army

  • Leadership

  • Requirements

  • Model

• Be

  • Character

    • army values

    • empathy

    • warrior/service ethos

    • discipline

    • humility

  • Presence

    • military/professional bearing

    • fitness

    • confidence

    • resilience

• Know

  • Intellect

    • mental agility

    • judgment

    • innovation

    • interpersonal tact

    • expertise

• Do

  • Leads

    • leads others

    • builds trust

    • entends influence

    • leads by example

    • communicates

  • Develops

    • prepares self

    • creates a positive environment

    • develops others

    • stewards the profession

  • Achieves

    • gets results

    • anticipates

    • integrate tasks/roles/resources/priorities

    • improves performance

    • gives feedback

    • executes

    • adapts

• Transactional Leadership

  • task force

  • motivated by rewards & punishment

    • success if rewarded

    • failure is punished

    • quid pro quo

  • focus is on short-term tasks

  • this style of leader -

    • provides guidance & oversight

    • oversees productivity in detail

    • is more managing than leading

    • common in many organizations

• Transformational Leadership

  • people focused

  • applies the premise that people will follow leaders that inspire & motivate them

  • focused on long-term goals

  • a leader motivates & inspires by -

    • developing & selling a compelling vision

    • developing relationships with followers

    • acting as a teacher, mentor, & coach

  • molds the organization into a cohesive team

• Situational

  • a theory based on how people respond to working & being led in groups

  • focus on 2 key assumptions

    1. task behavior

       1. amount of guidance & direction provided

    2. relationship behavior

       1. amount of social & emotional support provided

  • proposes the environment & readiness of followers helps leader identify what style of leadership should be applied

  • based on how people respond to working & being led in groups

• 4 styles of leader behavior

  1. S1

     1. Directing

        1. high directive & low supporting behavior

  2. S2

     1. Coaching

        1. high directive & high supporting behavior

  3. S3

     1. Supporting

        1. high supportive & low directing behavior

  4. S4

     1. Delegating

        1. low supportive & low directive behavior

• Subordinate levels of readiness

  • Able

    • person has the knowledge, experience, & skill

  • Willing

    • person has he necessary confidence, commitment, & motivation

    1. R1

       1. leader directed

       2. unable & unwilling

    2. R2

       1. leader directed

       2. unable but willing

    3. R3

       1. follower directed

       2. able but unwilling

    4. R4

       1. follower directed

       2. able & willing

• Adaptive Leadership

  • its always the leader

  • Characteristics

    • confident

    • resilient

    • open & curious

    • dirven

    • tolerant

    • self-aware

    • risk-taker

    • proactive

    • problem solver

    • critical thinker

    • great communicator

    • tactically proficient

    • technically proficient

    • change agent

Army Briefings

4 Types

1. Informational

   1. the informal briefing delivers information in a form the audience can use

   2. Format

      1. introduction

         1. greetings, classification, purpose, outline

      2. main body

         1. main ideas, aids, transitions, questions

      3. closing

         1. questions, recap, next speaker

2. Mission

   1. goal is to secure a unified / coordinated effort toward accomplishing the mission

   2. types

      1. 5 paragraph OPORD

      2. movement order

      3. combat service support order

      4. reconnaissance

3. Decision

   1. obtains an answer to a question / results in a decision on a course of action

   2. format

      1. introduction

         1. greeting, classification, problem statement, recommendation

      2. main body

         1. facts, assumptions, solutions, analysis, comparison, closing

      3. closing

         1. questions, restate recommendations, request decision

4. Staff

   1. the purpose is to coordinate unit effort by informing the Commander & staff of the current situation

   2. the person who convenes the staff briefing sets the format & agenda

   3. may have characteristics of the other 3 formats

4 Steps to an effective briefing

1. Plan

   1. analyze the situation & focus on purpose, audience, & occasion

2. Prepare

   1. research, organize, draft, revise

3. Execute

   1. deliver the presentation

4. Assess

   1. Follow up

Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC)

aka: Law of War (LOW)

• To -

  • protect combatants & noncombatants from unneccessary suffering

  • assist commnders & soldiers in mission accomplishment

  • regulate the use of force & prohibit unlawful conduct

  • protect against unneccessary suffering & excessive collateral damage

  • promoate the humane treatment of nonmbatants, wounded / sick, & civilians

• Basic Principles

  • Military necessity

    • measures are not forbidden by international law

  • Humanity / Unncessary suffering

    • considered before attack / combatants

  • Distinction / Discrimination

    • attacks are directed at military / combatants

      • not civilians

  • Proportionalty

    • is the attack excessive in incidental loss in relation to the military advantage gained by the attack?

  • Honor / Chivalry

    • must be applied at all times reguardless of enemy forces’ action, this prohibits armed forced from abusing LOAC in order to gain an advantage over their adversaries

10 LOAC Standards - The Soilder’s Rules

1. Soldiers fight only combatants

2. Soldiers do not harm enemies who surrender. They disarm them & turn them over to their superiors

   1. 5 “S’s & T” for detainees

      1. Search

         1. disarm

      2. Silence

      3. Segregate

         1. military rank

         2. civilians vs. military

         3. military vs. militia

      4. Safeguard

         1. protect from further harm

      5. Speed to rear

         1. turn over to proper holding facility for processing

      6. Tag

         1. document capture details

3. Soldiers do not kill or torture personnel in their custody

   1. A crime under both international law & domestic law

   2. Humane treatment is the minimum standard for all detained personnel reguardless of staus

   3. May conduct tacticle questioning near the time & place of capture

   4. Only trained inerrogators conduct interrogations / extended questioning

4. Soliders collect & care for the wounded whether friend or foe

   1. LOAC requires the same level of caer for friend & foe

      1. once they are ouot of thhe fight, take care of them

      2. triage the most seriously wounded

         1. whether friendly or foe

      3. safeguard from further attack

5. Soliders do not attack protected persons / places

   1. civilian objects protected from international attack

   2. military purpose / necessity analysis

   3. incomplete intelligence & civilian casualties

6. Soliders destory no more than the mission requires

   1. Only target legitimate military objectives

      1. avoid excessive / wanton destruction of proptery

   2. Minimize collateral damage

      1. protect civilian property

      2. protect historical / culutral sites

      3. the more destroyed in battle = the more must be rebuild in peace

7. Soliders treat civilians humanely

   1. All civilians must be respected

      1. never intentionally target civilians

         1. but civilians must not take a direct part in hostilities

      2. don’t have time to stop mission & care for them

         1. but, do help civilians if safe to do so & it doesn’t interfere with your mission

      3. check ROE on collective self-defence

         1. know what you can & can’t do to defend foreign civilians from hostile acts

8. Soliders do not steal. Soliders respect private property possessions

   1. Civilian property

      1. do not retain unless it is contraband

      2. the taking of peronal property for immediate military necessity / emergency is permissible

         1. issue a receipt for property taken when possible

   2. War trophies

      1. do not retain without express authorization from Commander

9. Soliders should do their best to prevent violations of LOAC

10. Soliders report all violations of LOAC to their superiors

    1. Report all suspected LOAC violations to CoC

    2. Other channels include:

       1. military police

       2. judge advocate

       3. inspector general

       4. chaplin

    3. It’s your duty to know the LOAC & follow the rules

    4. If you’re ordered to commit a ciminal act / LOAC violation, you’re under an obligation to refure the order

       1. “I was just following orders” is not a defense to war crimes

How to handle an unlawful order:

1. Carry all lawful order promptly & aggressively

2. Do not carry unlawful orders, but don’t ignore them either

3. Immediately & respectfully seek clarification of order

   1. “Sir / Ma’am, are you order me to ___?”

Military Communications

• Phonetic Alphabet

  • A - Alpha

    • (al-fah)

  • B - Bravo

    • (brah-voh)

  • C - Charlie

    • (char-lee)

  • D - Delta

    • (dell-tah)

  • E - Echo

    • (eck-oh)

  • F - Foxtrot

    • (foks-trot)

  • G - Golf

    • (golf)

  • H - Hotel

    • (hoh-tell)

  • I - India

    • (in-dee-ah)

  • J - Juliett

    • (jew-lee-ett)

  • K - Kilo

    • (key-loh)

  • L - Lima

    • (lee-mah)

  • M - Mike

    • (mike)

  • N - November

    • (no-vem-ber)

  • O - Oscar

    • (oss-cah)

  • P - Papa

    • (pah-pah)

  • Q - Quebec

    • (keh-beck)

  • R - Romeo

    • (row-me-oh)

  • S - Sierra

    • (see-air-rah)

  • T - Tango

    • (tang-go)

  • U - Uniform

    • (you-knee-form)

  • V - Victor

    • (vik-tah)

  • W - Whiskey

    • (wiss-key)

  • X - X-ray

    • (ecks-ray)

  • Y - Yankee

    • (yang-key)

  • Z - Zulu

    • (zoo-loo)

• Common prowords

  • “Break”

    • I hereby indicate the separation of the text from other portions fo the message

  • “Correction”

    • There is an error in this transmition. Transmition will continue with the last word correctly transmitted

  • “Say again”

    • Repeat all of your last transmition.

    • Followed by indentifciation data means

      • “Repeat (portion indicated)”

  • “I say again”

    • I am repeating transmission / part indicated

  • “I spell”

    • I shall spell the next word phonetically

  • “Out”

    • This is the end of my transmission to you & a response in necessary. Go ahead, transmit

  • “Roger”

    • I have recieved your last transmission satisfactorly

  • “This is—”

    • This transmission is from the station whose designator immediately follows

• Message format

  • Heading

    • the administrative portion of the format

  • Body

    • contains the information the originator wants to send to the addressee

  • Conclusion

    • consists of the message authenication

  • Example:

    • → H99 this is H01, (message type / priority), over.

    • ← H01 this is H99, send your messaeg, over.

    • → H99 this is H01, (insert message), over.

    • ← H01 this is H99, roger, over.

    • → H99 this is H01, roger, over.

• Spot report (SPOTRED)

  • regular report

  • Line 1

    • date & time

  • Line 2

    • unit

  • Line 3

    • size

  • Line 4

    • acivity

  • Line 5

    • location

  • Line 6

    • unit

  • Line 7

    • time

  • Line 8

    • equipment

  • Line 9

    • assessment

  • Line 10

    • narrative

  • Line 11

    • authentication

• SALUTE report

  • movement to contact

  • seeing enemey

  • S - size

  • A - activity

  • L - location

  • U - unit

  • T - time

  • E - equipment

Cultural Awareness

“a system of shared values, beliefs, behaviors, & norms (VBBN) that we use to cope with the wolrd & each other, which is learned through interacting with others.”

• Values

  • relative & subjective view of what is valuable & important

• Beliefs

  • a conviction of the truth of some statement / the reality of some being / phenomenon

• Behaviors

  • obervable patterns of action

• Norms

  • a range of permissible behaviors established by a group

• Factors that shape a culture

  • climate

  • land & water

  • geography / politics

  • economics

  • religious

  • language

  • social & familia structure

• Culutral heritage in armed conflict

  • due to its emotional context, cultural hetiage is particularly vulnerable in times of conflict

  • all ranks wiithin a unit must be aware of the requirement to protect culutral heritage & idenity using the principle below:

    • identifciation of culutral heriage resources & the people responsible for them using thorough research, acadmeic advice, & understanding of local values

    • documentation & inclusion of culutral property information into military mapping products

    • incorporation of cultural heritage information into mission planning

    • completion of risk assessment to cultural heritage in the AOR

Troop Leading Procedures (LTP)

• A dynamic framework used by Army Leaders, typically at the company level & below, to effectively plan & prepare for operations

1. Receive the mission

   1. obtain the mission through a WARNO, OPORD, or FRAGORD

   2. conduct an initial assessment of the mission’s scope, timeline, & constraints

2. Issue a WARNO

   1. provide your subordinates with a preliminary notification about an upcoming mission

   2. include critical information such as the mission type, timeline, & initial instructions

3. Make a tentative plan

   1. conduct mission analysis using METT-TC

      1. a framework used by military leaders to analyze & assess a situation before planning a mission

      2. Mission

         1. the task & purpose assigned to the unit

            1. Key considerations:

               1. What is the higher headquarters’ intent?

               2. What is the objective?

               3. What tasks must be accomplished to achieve success?

      3. Enemy

         1. the capabilities, composition, disposition, & potential actions of opposing forces

            1. Key considerations:

               1. what is the enemy’s strength & equipment?

               2. what are their tactics & potential courses of action?

               3. what are their weaknesses/vulnerabilities?

      4. Terrain & weather

         1. The physical & environmental conditions affecting the mission

         2. often analyzed using OAKOC

            1. a framework used to analyze terrain & weather & their impact on the mission

            2. Observation & fields of fire

               1. the ability to see the enemy & the terrain from a position

               2. the ability to engage targets effectively

               3. does the terrain provide good visibility/natural firing positions?

            3. Avenues of approach

               1. routes that allow troops to move toward their objectives/that an enemy could use for attack

               2. is there a road/river the enemy might use to advance?

            4. Key & decisive terrain

               1. locations that provide a significant advantage to whoever controls them

                  1. high ground

                  2. bridges

                  3. choke points

               2. is there a hilltop that overlooks the area, making it critical to hold?

            5. Obstacles

               1. natural/man-made features that restrict movement

                  1. rivers

                  2. mountains

                  3. forests

                  4. minefields

                  5. walls

               2. are there barriers that could slow/stop friendly/enemy forces?

            6. Cover & Concealment

               1. Cover: protection from enemy fire

               2. Concealment: protection from enemy observation

               3. does this area provide places to hide/defend from enemy attack?

         3. weather considerations include

            1. temperature

            2. precipitation

            3. wind

            4. visibility

            5. seasonal effects

      5. Troops & support available

         1. the personnel, equipment, & resources available for the mission

         2. Key considerations:

            1. what is the size & capability of your unit?

            2. what support is available?

               1. artillery

               2. air support

               3. logistics

            3. what are the unit’s strengths and weaknesses?

      6. Time available

         1. the time allocated for planning, preparation, & execution

         2. Key considerations:

            1. what are the deadlines for task completion?

            2. how much time is available for rehearsals & contingencies?

            3. How can time be best managed to ensure mission success?

      7. Civil considerations/information consideration

         1. the influence of the civilian population & infrastructure on the mission

            1. often analyzed by ASCOPE

               1. a framework used in military operations to analyze civil considerations & understand how the civilian environment can impact a mission

               2. Area

                  1. locations that influence the mission

                     1. urban centers

                     2. religious sites

                     3. transportation hubs

                     4. military installations

                  2. is there a village/key infrastructure in the area that needs protection?

               3. Structures

                  1. buildings & infrastructure that may be critical to the mission

                     1. bridges

                     2. hospitals

                     3. power plants

                     4. schools

                  2. is there a bridge that can be used for movement/a hospital that requires protection?

               4. Capabilities

                  1. resources & services available within the civilian population

                     1. medical

                     2. transportation

                     3. local governance

               5. Organizations

                  1. non-military groups & entities

                     1. local governments

                     2. religious groups

                     3. insurgent organizations

               6. People

                  1. the civilian population

                     1. demographics

                     2. cultural norms

                     3. political affiliations

                     4. attitudes towards friendly forces

               7. Events

                  1. significant activities/occasions that could impact the mission

                     1. elections

                     2. festivals

                     3. protests

                     4. military operations

            2. Key considerations:

               1. how will civilians impact the mission?

               2. what cultural/legal/ethical factors must be addressed?

               3. how does the mission affect local infrastructure & population

4. Initiate troop movement

   1. start necessary troop movement early, even as planning continues

      1. repositioning forces

      2. conducting rehearsals

      3. preparing equipment

5. Conduct reconnaissance

   1. gather information to confirm/refine your tentative plan

      1. maps

      2. aerial imagery

      3. physical reconnaissance

6. Complete the plan

   1. finalize the plan based on updated information & input from reconnaissance

   2. ensure the plan is detailed, clear, & synchronized w/ higher headquarters

7. Issue the OPORD

   1. deliver a clear & concise OPORD to communicate the mission, intent, & tasks

   2. use the 5 paragraph format

      1. situation

      2. mission

      3. execution

      4. sustainment

      5. command & signals

8. Supervise & refine

   1. monitor preparations, conduct rehearsals, & ensure subordinates understand the mission & their roles

   2. make adjustments to the plan as necessary & verify readiness

• Key features:

  • sequential but overlapping

  • adaptable

  • emphasis on leadership

• 1/3, 2/3 rule

  • 1/3 of the time available is used for planning

  • 2/3 of the time available is used for preparations & Execution