Notes: Perspectives of Tourism and Hospitality - Macro Perspective

Micro Perspective vs Macro Perspective

Micro Perspective focuses on personal travel choices and experiences.
Macro Perspective focuses on the bigger system: tourism trends, supply chains, local employment, sustainability, and national tourism policies.

Macro Perspective — Big Picture View

Macro Perspective provides a big-picture view of the tourism and hospitality industries.
It connects economic, cultural, social, and environmental aspects.
Helps students understand how tourism operates as a global system.

Objectives of Macro Perspective

Builds foundational knowledge for hospitality and tourism careers.
Encourages critical thinking about tourism's role in society.
Promotes awareness of economic and environmental impacts.
Prepares students for real-world applications and risk management.

Core Idea: Tourism Is More Than Fun

Tourism is not just about fun, travel, and luxury.
It’s a powerful force that creates jobs, supports businesses, and boosts the country’s economy.
Tourism isn’t just about seeing the world; it helps build it.

Topics Covered

Overview of the Tourism and Hospitality Industry
The Scope and Sectors of Tourism
The Tourism Network and Supply Components
Impacts of the Tourism Industry
Tourism Multiplier Effect
Tourism Risk Mitigation Methods
Future of Tourism and Hospitality

Objectives (Slide 11)

Define tourism, hospitality, and other terms used.
Compare and contrast the different forms of tourism.
Explain the scope of the tourism and hospitality industry.
Discuss the role of global organizations in the industry.

Activity (Slide 12)

1) Define the given word (related to Tourism & Hospitality Industry).
2) Use the word in a sentence. Example: travel agency.
3) A business entity under Tourism Industry that helps people plan, book and organize their trips.
4) The ABC travel agency offered me a really good deal for my upcoming trip to Japan.

Overview of the Tourism and Hospitality Industry

I. Dynamic
II. Complex
III. Interconnected

Global Definition: UN Definition of Tourism (Slide 15)

Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes.
Source: UN Tourism Definition

Traveler vs Visitor (Slide 16)

Traveler: someone who moves between geographic locations for any purpose and duration.
Visitor: a traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside their usual environment for less than a year. Can be categorized as either tourist or excursionist.

Tourist vs Excursionist (Slide 17)

Tourist: a visitor whose trip includes an overnight stay.
Excursionist: a visitor who does not include an overnight stay.
Example geography map shows multiple cities/countries to illustrate the concept of travel routes and destinations.

Hospitality Symbol and Definition (Slides 18-19)

What’s the symbol for hospitality? Pineapple.
Reason: historically associated with hospitality; difficult to obtain; tropical areas.
Latin origin: hospes meaning host, visitor, or stranger.
Definition reference: EHL Hospitality Business School definition.

Hospitality and Tourism Industry Significance (Slide 21)

One of the largest and fastest-growing industries in the world.
Means for job creation, economic diversification, and source of foreign exchange.
Promotes mutual understanding among people of different cultures.

Five A’s of Tourism (Slide 22)

Accessibility
Attraction
Accommodation
Activities
Amenities
These five components make up a successful tourism destination or experience.
Note: Each A contributes to the overall appeal, accessibility, and functionality of a destination.

Travel Motivations (Slide 23)

Push + Pull Theory (Push and Pull)
Plog's Psychographic Theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
These concepts explain why people travel and how motivations align with destinations.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Slides 24-26)

Abraham Maslow: American psychologist; hierarchy explains motivation.
Core idea: people are driven by unmet needs arranged in a hierarchy.
Levels (from bottom to top):
1) Physiological needs: food, water, air, shelter, clothing. $ext{Physiological needs: } ext{food, water, air, shelter, clothing}$
2) Safety needs: safety in health, finances, safety from accidents. $ext{Safety needs: } ext{financial security, health, safety}$
3) Love/Belonging: social needs such as friends, family, community. $ext{Love/Belonging: } ext{friends, family, community}$
4) Esteem: appreciation and respect; recognition. $ext{Esteem: } ext{recognition, self-worth}$
5) Self-Actualization: meaning, personal growth, purpose. $ext{Self-Actualization: } ext{personal growth, meaning of life}$
Notes: Maslow’s framework is used across industries to understand motivation, including tourism and hospitality behaviors.

Maslow’s Hierarchy in Tourism Context (Slide 25-26)

When traveling, travelers seek to satisfy layered needs: basic needs (food, accommodation) and higher-order needs (safety, social belonging, esteem, self-actualization).
Travel experiences can contribute to personal growth, social connections, and life meaning.

Push and Pull Theory (Slide 27)

Concept: motivations categorized into two major factors:
Push factors: origin-related, intangible/desires of the individual traveler (e.g., escape, relaxation, self-discovery).
Pull factors: attractiveness of destination as perceived by the traveler (e.g., climate, scenery, culture).
This framework explains why people travel and how destinations appeal to travelers.
Formula-style summary: Push factors drive travel initiation; Pull factors influence destination choice.

Push-Pull Theory Example (Slide 28)

Push: You want to escape the city heat and stress.
Pull: Baguio offers fresh air, pine trees, cool climate, parks, and affordable food.

Plog’s Theory (Slide 29-30)

Stanley Plog’s psychographic theory (1970s) categorizes tourists by personality, values, attitudes, and lifestyle.
Categories:
Allocentric: loves adventure; seeks new, unfamiliar, remote places.
Mid-centric: enjoys both comfort and some adventure.
Psychocentric: prefers familiar, safe, and organized trips.
Diagrammatic idea: tourism preferences shift along a spectrum from Allocentric to Psychocentric over time; travel behavior can be influenced by experience and exposure.

Types of Tourism (Slides 31-40)

Leisure: travel outside the usual environment for relaxation and fun. Examples: beach vacation in Palawan.
BUSINESS: travel for business purposes (conferences, meetings). Example: conference in Japan.
CULTURAL: travel to experience culture and heritage. Example: group tour in Corregidor.
ECO-TOURISM: responsible travel to natural areas; conservation and local well-being. Example: tour in Masungi Georeserve.
HEALTH: travel to receive medical treatment or improve health. Example: meditation retreat.
RELIGIOUS: travel for religious purposes or to see religious sites; pilgrimage.
SPORTS: travel to participate in or observe sporting events (e.g., Olympics).
EDUCATIONAL: travel with a primary learning purpose (e.g., Ilocos Tour for Tourism students).
DARK: travel to places associated with death, tragedy, or suffering (grief/thanatourism). Example: Chernobyl.
SPACE: travel for commercial space experiences; space tourism.
Note: The slide set presents 17 types of tourism; the examples above cover several key categories.

Forms of Tourism (Slides 42-43)

DOMESTIC: traveling within one’s own country.
INTERNATIONAL: traveling outside one’s country.
OUTBOUND: travel out from origin place.
INBOUND: travel into the destination place.

Review Questions (Slide 44)

Explain the relationship between tourism and hospitality industry.
What is the difference between a tourist and an excursionist?
What are the 5 components of tourism? Give one example.
Give one theory about travel motivation and explain.
Give one type of tourism and give an example.
Give one form of tourism and give an example.

Homework and Course Guidance (Slide 45-46)

Homework: Familiarization of terms; Reaction paper for the provided video about tourism and hospitality industry overview.
Deadline: July 18, 2025; instructions in Orange Apps.
Reminder: Use AI thoughtfully; avoid over-reliance to maintain academic integrity.

Closing (Slide 47)

Thank you

Quick reference formulas and key terms:

Maslow’s Hierarchy: $1:\text{ Physiological}, 2:\text{ Safety}, 3:\text{ Love/Belonging}, 4:\text{ Esteem}, 5:\text{ Self-Actualization}$
Five A’s: $\text{Accessibility}, \text{ Attraction}, \text{ Accommodation}, \text{ Activities}, \text{ Amenities}$
Push-Pull Theory: push factors (origin-related, intrinsic desires) vs pull factors (destination attractiveness as perceived)
Plog’s Theory categories: $\text{Allocentric}, \text{ Mid-centric}, \text{ Psychocentric}$
Forms of tourism: $\text{Domestic}, \text{International}, \text{Outbound}, \text{Inbound}$
UN definition of tourism: tourism is a social, cultural, and economic phenomenon involving movement of people to places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes.