CH.2-Health Issues & Behavior

Obesity

  • portion sizes have increased in the US over time, could be on community level (restaurants competing for business)

  • Consequences of Obesity

    • obesity related healthcare accounts for 18% of US healthcare cost, obese people pay $1400 more in healthcare per year than average people

    • obesity & overweight are 2nd leading cause in preventable death

  • SEM & Obesity:

    • Intrapersonal- genetics, finances, diet

    • Interpersonal- social eating, social status

    • Community- education, culture, food availability

    • Organizational- food marketing, food availability, portions

    • Policy- taxes on food, school policies

Factors Affecting Eating Behaviors

  1. Availability of healthy foods

    • costs, access to markets

  2. Attitudes/beliefs/norms about diet

    • culture, & perception/knowledge of what’s healthy

    • homemade doesn’t = healthy

  3. Self-Efficacy

    • belief to succeed in goal

    • low self-efficacy = little effort to change

    • people who have attempted to lose weight & failed previously may have lower self-efficacy

  4. Risk Perception

    • risks of healthy eating doesn’t always outweigh “positives” (satiety, social, comfort foods)

  5. Physical Exercise

    • factors discouraging people from exercising

Youth Violence

Violence is a leading cause of death in ages 15-34

  • Risk Factors Increasing Probability of Violence

    1. family issues, absence of positive role model

    2. being a victim of violence, witnessing violence when young

    3. poverty, crime-ridden community

    4. social norms supporting violence

  • Protective Factors

    1. Positive role model

    2. developed social skills

    3. popularity

    4. being connected to adults outside of family

  • Problem-Behavior Theory

    • identifies the problem behavior

    • categorizes factors leading to problem behavior into 3 systems

    • States that anyone that exemplifies problem behaviors has problem behavior syndrome

      1. Perceived Environment System

        • parents, peers, supporting or engaging in problem behavior

      2. Personality System

        • risk factors including; low self-esteem, low value in school, loner, lack of involvement

      3. Behavior System

        • risky behaviors such as unsafe sex, irresponsible driving

  • Development Pathways Approach

    • participation in one problem behavior will likely lead to others

  • Self-Concept Approach

    • what am I capable of & what is viewed as positive in my society?

    • experimenting to find self

    • deals w/ how youth perceives ability to achieve

    SEM

  • can view youth violence as disparity/inequity issue

    • resources, location/environment

HIV/AIDS

  • Consequences of HIV/AIDS to a Community/Region

    • reduced avg. life expectancy

    • reduced household income

    • decrease in educational capacity & attendance

    • decrease in economic production/increase poverty

    • increase of orphans

  • HIV/AIDS as a Behavior Issue

    • sexual transmission

    • sharing IV drug equipment

    • mother-child

  • HIV/AIDs is preventable, but cannot be prevented by behavior change alone due to cultural factors & barriers related to the SEM