04 Network Technology Basics

Network Technology Basics HUAWEI

Network Technology Overview

  • Importance of Network Technologies: Foundation for interconnecting all platforms and services.

  • Course Objectives:

    • Clarify what a network is.

    • Explain basic network communication principles.

    • Introduce common network technologies.

Course Completion Goals

  • Understand different types of IP addresses and subnetting.

  • Comprehend basic network communication principles.

  • Familiarize with switches and routers' operating principles.

  • Master technical principles and basic configuration of VLANs.

Course Contents

  1. IP Address Basics

  2. Introduction to Network Technologies

  3. Switching Basics

  4. Routing Basics

IP Address Basics

What Is an IP Address?

  • Definition: Unique logical address identifying a device on a network.

  • Functions of an IP Address:

    • Identify a host/network device.

    • Facilitate network addressing.

  • Analogy: Like a real-world address; used to locate devices on a network.

IP Address Format

  • IPv4 Characteristics:

    • Consists of 32 bits; represented in dotted decimal notation.

    • Address Range: 0.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255.

  • Example:

    • Decimal: 192.168.10.1

    • Binary: 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000001

IP Address Structure

  • Components:

    • Network Portion: Identifies network segment.

    • Host Portion: Uniquely identifies a host on the network.

    • Subnet Mask: Differentiates subnet and host addresses.

Classification of IP Addresses

  • Classes: Five classes for addressing management (A, B, C, D, E).

    • Class A: 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255, used by hosts.

    • Class B: 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255, used for smaller networks.

    • Class C: 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255, usually private networks.

    • Class D: 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255, multicast addresses.

    • Class E: Reserved for research.

Public vs. Private IP Addresses

  • Public IP Address: Assigned by ICANN; unique for Internet use.

  • Private IP Address: Unique within a private network; ranges reserved in classes A, B, C.

    • Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255.

    • Class B: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255.

    • Class C: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255.

Networking Principles

Concept of Network Communication

  • Definition: Exchange of information via a medium among devices through a network.

  • Examples:

    • File transfers between computers.

    • Internet downloads.

Information Transfer Process

  • Visual comparison to physical item transfers in a distribution network.

Network Gateways

  • Definition: Acts as the default next hop for devices on the network.

Communication Network Architecture

  • Includes routers, switches, firewalls, PCs, network printers, and servers.

Network Devices

Switches

  • Function: Connects end users and forwards data frames.

  • Roles:

    • Connects terminals (PCs, servers).

    • Isolates collision domains.

    • Maintains the MAC address table.

Routers

  • Function: Forwards data packets based on destination address.

  • Roles:

    • Manages routes between networks.

    • Implements NAT (Network Address Translation).

Firewalls

  • Description: Ensures secure communication by monitoring data flows.

  • Capabilities:

    • Isolates networks based on security levels.

    • Provides access control and remote access.

Data Transmission Models

OSI Reference Model

  • Model for computer network communication including 7 layers from Physical to Application.

TCP/IP Model

  • A simpler model aligned with Internet standards made up of 4 layers.

Data Handling in Network

  • Encapsulation and Decapsulation: Processes involved in data transmission for sending and receiving messages across the network.

Common Protocols

TCP vs UDP

  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Connection-oriented, reliable transmission.

  • UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Connectionless, efficient, less reliable.

Common TCP/IP Protocols

  • Includes Telnet, SSH, FTP, HTTP, etc.

  • TELNET vs SSH: TELNET transmits data in plaintext, while SSH employs encryption for secure communication.

Basics of VLAN

VLAN Purpose

  • Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN) allows logical segregation of networks to enhance security and efficiency.

VLAN Configuration

  • Commands to create and manage VLANs (including basic interface configuration).

Routing Concepts

Static Routes

  • Manually configured paths in an IP routing table for specific networks.

Default Routes

  • A fallback path for packets that do not match any specific routes in a routing table.

Course Summary

  • Covered topics include IP address composition, subnetting, network communication principles, protocol operations, and configuration scenarios for network devices.