A&P Chapter 1 (ASH)

1) What is the definition of the heart? The heart is a pump that moves blood through the vessels of the body 2) What is described as flow? Blood being a fluid that is constantly in motion 3) In order to create flow, what must be applied? Pressure 4) What does Boyle’s law say? That pressure and volume have an inverse relationship; this means that when the volume of a chamber decreases, the pressure inside the chamber increases 5) To make flow happen, what must happen to the pressure? The pressure has to be bigger than the resistance of blood flow 6) Fluids move from? Areas of high pressure to low pressure (pressure gradient) 7) What prevents the backflow of blood and ensures one directional blood flow? Valves ______ 8) How does your heart create pressure in your circulatory system? Contraction (muscle becoming shorter) 9) What happens to the volume, when the muscle contracts to the chambers? The volume of the chamber decreases (pressure and flow) 10) What happens when the muscle relaxes to the chambers? The volume of the chamber increases, pressure decreases, and blood flows into the chamber from a region 11) What are the two major divisions in the human circulatory system? The pulmonary circulation & Systemic circulation 12) What does pulmonary circulation do? Sends blood to the lungs so it can be oxygenated, then returns the oxygenated blood to the heart. 13) The systemic circulation does what? Sends oxygenated blood to tissues and deoxygenated blood to the blood 14) The heart has evolved to be a ? double pump 15) The right side of the heart pumps blood through which of the two divisions? The right side is for the pulmonary circulation

16) The left side is for? The Left side pumps blood for the systemic circulation 17) The right side of the heart pumps? Deoxygenated blood ( oxygen poor blood) 18) ^^ through what circulation? Pulmonary circulation 19) Where is the heart located in the body? Within the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity, in between the pleural cavities in a region known as the mediastinum 20) The inferior portion of the heart is also known as the? apex _________________ 21) What is the heart stabilized and protected in? Pericardial sac 22) What is the outer layer of the pericardial sac called? Fibrous pericardium 23) Deep to the fibrous paracardium is the? Serous pericardium 24) What is the serous pericardium? A serous membrane 25) What do serous membranes do? Protect the heart from impact and friction (think air bag in car) 26) What is the outermost layer of the serous pericardium? The parietal pericardium 27) What is the layer that surrounds the heart muscle? Visceral pericardium 28) Abnormal increases in pericardial fluid leads to a disorder called? Pericardial effusion 29) The human heart is composed of three tissue layers, what are they called? Epicardium, myecardium, endocardium (EME) 30) Which layer is synonymous to the epicardium? Visceral pericardium 31) The epicardium is the _____ layer? Outermost 32) The endocardium is the _____ layer? Innermost/deepest 33) Which is the thickest layer? Myocardium 34) Why is myocardium the thickest? It has cardiac myocytes (aka cardiac muscle cells/cardiomyocytes= they help with heart pumping) 35) What is the endocardium formed from? Endothelial (simple squamous) tissue 36) What is the order as you move from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity? Endothelial cell layer, cardiac skeleton, epicardium, pericardial fluid, parietal pericardium, fibrous pericardium __________ Valves 37) How many chambers does the heart have? 4 38) How many sets of valves does our heart have? 2 39) What are they? Atrioventricular (AV) valves & semilunar (SL) valves 40) What do the atrioventricular valves do? They ensure one directional blood flow from the atria to the ventricular 41) What do the semilunar (SL) valves do? Prevents the backflow of blood from the vessels into the ventricle 42) What are cusps? They are flaps that are in the atrioventricular valves 43) What are the two subcategories of the atrioventricular (AV) valves? Tricuspid valve & bicuspid (mitral) valve 44) What are the two subcategories of the semilunar (SL) valves? Aortic valve & pulmonary valve 45) What does the chordae tendinae do? Eversion 46)**AV valves allow flow into the ventricle, and SL valves allow flow out of the ventricle _________ Blood flow through the heart and major vessels 47) Blood is pumped out of the heart by the? Ventricles 48) Blood comes into the heart through the? atria 49) The left side of the heart handles? Oxygenated blood 50) The right side of the heart handles? Deoxygenated blood 51) Deoxygenated blood or oxygen lacking blood entering through the right side of the heart o the atrium– what large vein does that blood pass through? Superior vena cava 2) Whereas blood returning from the lower portion of the body [will also enter through the right atrium] bur throught the? Inferior vena cava (so basically the superior vena cava~upper body blood & lower body blood~ inferior vena cava 53) Both the superior and inferior cava are in the right atrium on its? Posterior side ) When a red blood cell leaves the left ventricle, what is the order of the structures it reaches? ● Aorta ● Systemic capillary ● Vena cava ● Right atrium ● Right ventricle ● Pulmonary artery ● Pulmonary vein ● Left atrium

55) What is the foramen ovale? It’s a tiny hole in the heart that separates the right and left atria; it’s there during the fetal development and blood is able to bypass the lungs (blood is given to the baby from the mom’s maternal circulation–eventually closes as baby starts breathing) 56) Blood that doesn’t go through the foramen ovale during the fetal development goes through a shortcut, what is it called? Ductus arteriosus (connects pulmonary trunk to aorta) 57) The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are known as the? Fetal shunt

60) Occlusion is a characteristic of ? coronary artery disease 61) Collateral circulation is like the system for failsafe blood circulation, what is the name of the tiny connecting vessels making up the system? Anastomoses ________ Histology and microanatomy of cardiac muscle 62) Cardiac myocytes have? A single nucleus 63) In cardiac muscles, recruitment of fibers doesn’t havpen because? Of intercalated discs 64) Cardiac muscle lacks innervation by ? motor neurons 65) Why^? Because cardiac muscle is autorhythmic (able of self excitation) 66) What are the 2 major cell populations within the myocardial layer of the heart? Pacemaker cells & contractile myocytes 67) Pacemaker cells? Autorhythmic and less than 1% 68) Contractile myocytes? Generate force and are 99% 69) Before contraction & relaxation (mechanical) what needs to happen first? Electrical signal

Arteries always carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood towards the heart 59) Occlusion means what? Blockage