Chemical and Physical Properties

Hydrogen Group
Hydrogen - Physical Properties → Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; diatomic; very light, diffuses quickly
Hydrogen - Chemical Properties → Reacts like Group 1 & 17; forms halides & hydrocarbons; unstable at high temperatures and pressures

Group 1: Alkali Metals
Alkali Metals - Physical Properties → Shiny, soft solids, low density, good conductors
Alkali Metals - Chemical Properties → Very reactive; 1 valence electron; form +1 cations; never found pure

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals - Physical Properties → Denser & harder than Group 1; higher melting points
Alkaline Earth Metals - Chemical Properties → Reactive; 2 valence electrons; form +2 cations

Group 3-12 Transition Metals
Transition Metals - Physical Properties → Solid (except Hg); high density; hard; shiny; ductile & malleable; good conductors
Transition Metals - Chemical Properties → Reactivity varies; 1–2 valence electrons; multiple charges; some found pure

Inner Transition Metals: Lanthanoids - top row of the bottom tier
Lanthanoids - Physical Properties → Bright, silvery; paramagnetic
Lanthanoids - Chemical Properties → Uniform chemical behavior

Inner Transition Metals: Actinoids - bottom row of the bottom tier
Actinoids - Physical Properties → Bright, silvery; paramagnetic; radioactive
Actinoids - Chemical Properties → Radioactive; some man-made

Group 13: Boron Group
Boron Group - Physical Properties → Boron: brittle, metalloid; Metals: shiny, malleable, ductile
Boron Group - Chemical Properties → 3 valence electrons; form +3 cations

Group 14: Carbon Group
Carbon Group - Physical Properties → All solids; Metalloids: brittle w/ metallic luster; Metals: malleable & ductile
Carbon Group - Chemical Properties → 4 valence electrons; carbon: low reactivity; silicon: corrosion-resistant; lead: very inactive

Group 15: Pnictogens
Pnictogens - Physical Properties → Nitrogen: gas, diatomic; Phosphorus: solid, many forms
Pnictogens - Chemical Properties → 5 valence electrons; nitrogen: inert; phosphorus: highly reactive; arsenic: oxidizes; antimony & bismuth: react with H, O, halogens

Group 16: Chalcogens
Chalcogens - Physical Properties → Oxygen: gas (O₂, O₃); sulfur: brittle, yellow solid
Chalcogens - Chemical Properties → 6 valence electrons; gain 2 electrons; oxygen: highly reactive; sulfur: forms sulfides

Group 17: Halogens
Halogens - Physical Properties → F: pale yellow gas; Cl: greenish-yellow gas; Br: reddish-brown liquid; I: gray-black solid
Halogens - Chemical Properties → 7 valence electrons; gain 1 electron; form salts with metals; very reactive

Group 18: Noble Gases
Noble Gases - Physical Properties → Colorless, odorless, tasteless; very low melting & boiling points
Noble Gases - Chemical Properties → Full valence shell; very unreactive; rare, unstable compounds