quiz answers

[NONE OF THESE ARE SUMMARIZED]

The following 3 milestones happened in chronological order: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement

Many economists advocate for cap and trade schemes for pollution emissions because Cap and trade can ensure a socially optimal use of pollution and can incentivize investment in clean technologies

Cap and trade systems help reduce pollution by putting a price on greenhouse gas emissions (whose value goes up over time) and by allowing relatively clean producers to benefit from their low level of pollution

The following are examples of club goods you might find on a typical campus: attendance to a school sporting event, enrollment in a political science class and membership in a Greek organization

The US auto industry opposed efforts to reduce emissions because the required new technologies would raise the price of cars and this would reduce manufacturers' profits

The US has withdrawn from the following climate agreements at some point: Kyoto Protocol and Paris agreement

The following explains why those who would be negatively affected by tighter environmental restrictions so often defeat these policies: existing industries have more supporters that they can mobilize than new industries developing clean technology

Goods that have public characteristics come in a range that includes those that fall short of being pure public goods. The following is a good that is non-rival in consumption but excludable: a band playing at a night club

the following are examples of a public good: knowledge and national defense

the following activities are what transnational advocacy networks (TANs) have engaged in to support efforts to halt climate change through the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change: lobbying delegates at meetings and providing scientific data to participants

Montreal Protocol (1987) includes a number of mechanisms designed to ensure that its goals of protecting the ozone layer are met. the following mechanisms are labeled as either "included" or "not included": included - compensation for developing countries and support from an international institution. Not included - a cap and trade scheme and common standards across all countries

the following actors or groups of actors are using some variant of cap-and-trade to meet carbon emissions goals: China and the European union

international cooperation between sovereign states to mitigate transnational externalities are always difficult and tenuous Because international agreements are ultimately enforced through effective national regulation. Because there is no higher authority to compel states to engage in environmental protection, successful action requires state to engage in voluntary cooperation

the election of President Biden has affected efforts to address climate change by: setting ambitious goals for domestic emissions and rejoining the Paris Agreement

nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are the countries' promises to help reduce the threat of global warming under the Paris Agreement

Since the discovery that CFCs were depleting the ozone layer in 1974, international cooperation to address this problem has evolved more rapidly than cooperation on climate change. Place the following major milestones in ozone cooperation in chronological order, from oldest to most recent: Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and London Amendment

How can international institutions help bring about environmental cooperation?

Correct Answer(s)

through facilitating decision making and negotiation

by setting standards for environmental regulation

Despite widespread harm associated with ozone depletion, what made cooperation to address it so difficult to achieve? The concentrated costs of reducing CFC use in some countries

Suppose two neighboring countries share a polluted bay. In each country, runoff from farms carries a common pesticide into a river that empties into the bay. To clean the bay, both countries must agree to restrict the pesticide's use. However, doing so will be costly for agricultural producers in each country because of the absence of alternative pesticides. Which of the following existing factors would foster cooperation?

Correct Answer(s)

iterated interactions

low complexity

Placing a high value on the future may actually make some actors intensify their resistance to cooperation on climate change. Which of the following actors would see its resistance stiffen the most as the value placed on the future rises? Hydraulic fracking company in newly discovered shale fields in Wyoming

When do cap-and-trade systems work best? When pollution is easily observable

Which of the following are requirements for the success of mutual nuclear deterrence?

Correct Answer(s)

second-strike capability

verification of an attack's origin

rational leaders

The Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was signed in 1968. Place the following subsequent events concerning the proliferation of nuclear weapons in chronological order.

The NPT reaches 61 signatories.

Israeli planes bomb the Osirak reactor facility in Iraq.

South Africa dismantles its nuclear arsenal and signs the NPT.

Libya agrees to dismantle its nuclear program in exchange for a security guarantee from the United States.

Iran negotiates a deal restricting its nuclear program in exchange for relaxation of economic sanctions.

Which of the following are feasible strategies for preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)?

Correct Answer(s)

providing alternative means of security

blocking access to fissile materials

increasing the costs of proliferation

What led to increasing globalization in the twentieth century?

Correct Answer(s)

the rise of the Internet

trade policy choices by states

improvements in transportation technology

Select the countries that are current signatories of the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): Iran and South Africa

Which of the following is evidence that populism remains an important and growing force in the U.S.? Growing opposition to immigration reform in Congress

Which of the following are features of the pluralistic security community (PSC) that developed in Europe and North America in the postwar period?

Correct Answer(s)

It extended into parts of Asia.

It reduced the likelihood of the use of force between its members.

Which of the following interactions illustrate the limitations of coercive disarmament?

Correct Answer(s)

negotiations with North Korea over their nuclear weapons program

U.S. intervention in the civil war in which Libya's Qaddafi was killed

U.S. trade relations with China have changed over time. Place the following events in chronological order.

China is given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council and membership in the World Bank.

China engages in major reforms of its economy, touching off a period of rapid growth.

China joins the WTO.

China and the U.S. begin a trade war.

China and the U.S. sign the "phase one" deal.

Who in the United States might be expected to oppose globalization on the basis of the Ricardo-Viner model?

Correct Answer(s)

shareholders in the Domino Sugar company

engineers employed in a blast furnace steel mill

The postwar order has been characterized by which of the following?

Correct Answer(s)

increased economic exchange facilitated by the Bretton Woods System

the promotion of human rights and democracy

norms around sovereignty and self-determination

a collective security system between Europe and North America

In which of the following examples would the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty's (NPT) role as an institution be likely to bolster nonproliferation?

Correct Answer(s)

Pakistan contends that the fissile materials it transfers to Saudi Arabia are for peaceful energy applications.

Iran has announced that it will restart the Arak reactor, which has the capability of producing plutonium.

Botswana alleges that South Africa has removed uranium from the Pelindaba facility for use in a bomb.

Bolivia's president announces that the country will build a nuclear power facility.

Which of the following international organizations were created in the post–World War II period?

Correct Answer(s)

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Which of the following factors have historically caused large shifts of power in the international system?

Correct Answer(s)

technology

economic growth

How did the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) serve the interests of both nuclear and non-nuclear weapons states?

√Correct Choice

nuclear weapons states may keep their nuclear weapons while other states receive assistance in developing nuclear energy.

Which statement best characterizes the bargaining range in a situation in which both sides possess nuclear weapons? The bargaining range is extremely wide. Because the risk of complete destruction is high, almost any deal is preferable to a state, creating a very wide bargaining range.

Why might the rise of a new major power be potentially dangerous?

Correct Answer(s)

incentives for declining states to wage preventive war

increasing willingness to threaten force

Which of these issues suggest China's rise might create a showdown with other states?

Correct Answer(s)

maritime boundaries

international financial institutions

China created the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank to counter U.S. influence in institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF.

The combination of ties that unite the interests of China and the United States, on the one hand, and points of conflict between the two states, on the other, makes it difficult to forecast whether China's rise will be accommodated smoothly.

The Stolper-Samuelson model predicts that interest groups concerned with globalization will organize along class lines.

Job retraining programs would allow workers to enter more competitive sectors of the economy, while health insurance subsidies would further protect workers who might lose benefits because of unemployment

Which of the following periods of time marked a reverse in globalization?

√Correct choice

the interwar period

The interwar years saw a massive retreat from globalization with the collapse of the gold standard and reversion to protectionism.

Which of the following is an example of a "race to the bottom"?

√Correct choice

Air conditioner manufacturers move production from the U.S. to Mexico.

the two states that have the greatest potential interest in challenging the postwar order: India and china

Which of the following policies might someone who views China's rise pessimistically recommend to the Biden administration?

Correct Answer(s)

continue restrictions on investments in Chinese companies

increase military cooperation with Taiwan

Why might nuclear deterrence be less successful in the future?

Correct Answer(s)

Terrorists may acquire nuclear weapons.

States that acquire nuclear weapons in the future may not meet the requirements of deterrence.

If poor or domestically unstable countries obtain nuclear weapons, they may lack the ability to safeguard and control the weapons.

Deterrence worked well during the Long Peace after World War II, as disputes between the United States and the USSR did not escalate to nuclear exchange. However, there will be new challenges to deterrence in the twenty-first century.

The postwar order was, to a major degree, led by which of the following? The United States was crucial for setting the direction and creating the institutions of the postwar order. Although it did not act alone, it was a catalyst for many innovations underpinning this order.

The stated preference of the Trump administration for a containment strategy toward China appears to have been driven by which of the following? the U.S. trade deficit with China and its impact on jobs