Unit 2 Free Response Questions (FRQs) Notes

A. Data Type: Chart showing the number of refugees by country of origin.
B. Definition of Refugee: A refugee is a person who has been forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence.
C. Reason for Fleeing: One reason refugees flee is conflict, such as civil war or ethnic strife.
D. Country Example: Select a country like Syria; many refugees have left due to ongoing civil war and violence.
E. Characteristics of Receiving Countries: Countries that receive refugees often have stable governments, economic opportunities, and established support systems (e.g., welfare).
F. Economic Impact: Refugees can contribute to the economy by filling labor shortages, which may lead to economic growth.
G. Demographic Impact: High levels of refugee emigration can lead to a decrease in the working-age population in the countries of origin, impacting their economic productivity.

A. Data Type: Chart detailing the average age of populations in selected developed countries.
B. Definition of Dependency Ratio: The ratio of dependents (aged zero to fourteen and over sixty-five) to the working-age population (ages fifteen to sixty-four).
C. Dependency Characterization: Countries listed typically have higher dependency ratios due to an aging population.
D. Reason for Aging Population: Increased life expectancy and declining birth rates contribute to aging populations in developed countries.
E. Consequence of Aging: Countries may face increased healthcare costs due to a higher proportion of elderly individuals needing care.
F. Economic Reason for Pronatalist Policies: Governments may enact these policies to counteract labor shortages and stimulate population growth.
G. Immigration Impact: Immigration may partially mitigate the challenges of an aging population by adding to the workforce.

A. Map Type: Map depicting rates of natural increase in human population.
B. Definition of Natural Increase Rate: The rate at which a population grows, calculated as the difference between birth rate and death rate.
C. High Natural Increase Region: Typically, a high total fertility rate (TFR) corresponds with a high natural increase rate due to more births than deaths.
D. Low Natural Increase Region: In contrast, countries with a low TFR exhibit low natural increase rates, with deaths approaching or exceeding births.
E. Changes in TFR: As countries transition from stage 2 to stages 3 and 4 of the demographic transition, TFR usually declines due to improved access to family planning and education.
F. Incentive to Decrease Population Growth: A government can introduce financial disincentives for larger families or enhance family planning education.
G. Government Influence on Family Planning: Governments may impose incentives such as tax breaks for smaller families under pronatalist policies to encourage population growth.

A. Map Type: Map illustrating international migration patterns.
B. Definition of Distance Decay: The principle that geographical distance impacts the likelihood of migration, with closer locations being preferred.
C. Global Migration Trends: Two trends include increased migration from rural to urban areas and migration to neighboring countries.
D. Push vs. Pull Factors: Push factors drive people away from their home country (e.g., war), while pull factors attract them to new locations (e.g., economic opportunities).
E. Demographic Transition & Europe’s Role: Europe’s migration patterns often reflect its economic conditions and demographic changes, affecting migration flow.
F. Economic Push Factor for Migration Stream B: A lack of jobs or economic opportunities may drive migration away from a country.
G. Political Impact on Receiving Countries: International migration may lead to cultural diversification and tensions, influencing public policy and resource allocation in receiving countries.

A. Data Type: Chart representing population changes over time within the demographic transition model.
B. Country Stage in Demographic Transition: Identify a specific country and its corresponding stage (e.g., Stage 4: low birth and death rates).
C. Definition of Pronatalist Policy: A government policy designed to encourage higher birth rates through incentives.
D. Birth Rate Factors: As countries transition from stage 3 to stage 4, factors like increased female education and career opportunities can lead to lower birth rates.
E. Economic Effects of Negative Population Growth: Negative growth can result in labor shortages, reduced economic output, and increased pension burdens.
F. Government Policy Response: Develop policies aimed at encouraging immigration or family support benefits to counteract demographic changes.
G. Impact on Population Over Age 65: Low birth rates may gradually increase the percentage of the population over age 65, straining social services in the long term.

A. Recent Fertility Trend: Identify trends like declining fertility rates visible in the population pyramid.
B. Ratio of Males to Females (80+): Describe the skewed ratio, typically with more females than males in older age groups due to higher female life expectancy.
C. Urbanization Driver: One process driving urbanization is the migration of younger populations seeking employment from rural areas to cities.
D. Decrease in Total Population: Factors like economic recession or increased emigration can lead to a decline in total population.
E. Predictive Aspect of Population Pyramid: By analyzing cohorts, governments can foresee future demands for services such as healthcare and education.
F. Limitations of Population Pyramid: It may not accurately reflect immigration dynamics, as it focuses on natural population change.
G. Impact of Pronatalist Policy on Growth Rate: The degree of impact might be assessed as moderate, as policies may take time to affect birth rates versus immediate demographic changes.