GLOBAL REGENTS

The Enlightenment - EUROPE 

Locke - natural rights(life, liberty,property) the - govt's role is to protect natural rights, the govt power comes from the people, if the govt fails to protect natural rights, the people can overthrow 

Rousseau  - the government expresses the will of the people 

Voltaire - equality, justice, free speech 

Montesquieu - separation of powers 

Without the people, the government has no power. The French constitution is based on these ideals 


  • The old regime (French Revolution)The  

    • Estates system bourgeoisie - make up the national assembly, theTennis Court Oathh, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (professionals, academics)  

    • 1st and 2 are privileged 

    • 3rd estate has to pay taxes 

    • One vote each for each estate, so first and second always won against the third 

    • Marie Anointed(Austrian) and Louis XVI 

      • Bread shortages, heavy taxes, famine 

      • The people were upset that the royal family was spending money while everyone else was starving. 

    • Storm the Bastille - symbol of tyranny and oppression, political enemies were held here. 

    • Declaration of rights and man and the citizen (declaration of rights of female citizens) - lif,e liber,ty and fraternitDuring the y 

    • Reign of Terror, Robespierre believed that for the revolution, the monarchy had to be destroyed; the monarchy was executed  (government oppression - enduring issue). Robespierre targeted his political opponents. 


  • Impact of nationalism (enduring issue), the French Revolution inspired nationalism all across the world. 

  • After the Directory in France, Napoleon took over 

    • Napoleon returns France to a monarchy, and the people accept this because there was a lot of chaos during the Reign of Terror so they wanted peace and stability 

      • Napoleon invites the pope to his house, and he decides to crown himself,f proving that his rule is above the church 

    • Napoleon gave the Illusion of Democracy to his people, inspiring French Nationalism 

    • Napoleonic Code: a law code that embodied enlightenment principles like equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, advancement based on merit, 


Latin America 

  • Toussaint L’ouverture: successful in ousting the French from Haiti 

  • Simon Bolivar: led resistance against t Spanish. he wanted to combine Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia into one nation 

Nationalism 

Metternich - Leader of Austria (Enduring Issue - conflict) 

Congress of Vienna - Metternich called this because he wanted to quell the revolutionary ideas that are brewing in Europe 

  • Reactionaries: wanted to turn back the clock to a former time (monarchy) 

  • Age of Metternich 

    • He suppressed the revolutions that were happening across Europe (was not successful) 

    • He fled 


Industrial Revolution 

  • Industrialization = modernization 

  • Imperialism + Industrial Revolution occuring during 1789- 

  • While Germany and Italy are unifying this event is taking place

  • Shift from making goods by hand to having machines make all these goods 

  • The Agricultural Revolution: crop rotation, new farming techniques that are being applied to grow more and healthier foods so people can live longer and healthier

  • Enclosure Movement: 

  • The population density switched to specific places being more densely populated ( urbanization - people moving from rural areas to cities) 

  • Domestic System: people making goods in their own homes (slow + goods cost a lot of money) → Factory System (mass production) 

  • textile industry boomed 


KNOW IMPORTANT MACHINES  ( waterloo, spinning jenny, power loom, flying shuttle, waterframe) ***CONTEXT in essay


Positives

  • Mass production of goods 

  • Goods are cheaper 

  • After the steam engine, factories didn't have to be near water 

Negatives 

  • Pollution from factories (coal burning, emissions)

  • Crammed workspaces

  • Lack of sanitation

  • Child labor 

  • Diseases 

  • Long working hours 

  • Dangerous conditions 



The British government checked in on these conditions 



  • Adam Smith 

  • Free Market Capitalism 

  • Communism 


Carl Marx saw the conditions in the factories and believed that the proletariat would rebel against the bourgeoisie






Unification of Germany 

  • German states are all separated (Prussia was the most influential of all the city-states) 

  • Bismarck is characterized in political cartoons with a pointy helmet 

  • Bismarck used realpolitik (doing what is best for the state)    

  • Bismarck hated democracy because its used to satisfy everyone’s opinion and he thought it was too slow or having one leader made things get done quicker 

  • Blood and Iron Speech (blood stands for germany nationalism and iron stands for industrialization of the military) 

  • Prussia won Austrian-Prussian War 

  • Prussia won the Franco-Prussian War : they beat #2 in the world got the Alsace and Lorraine and rival the British in WW1 

  • Wilhelm is the king of Germany and Bismarck is Prime Minister 


Shift in the Balance of Power 

  • Well industrialized, have large population (large workforce), good military, good in science and technology 


Italian Unification 

  • Comprised of city-states

  • Cavour uses realpolitik and works w/ Victor Emmanuel 



WW1 

  • Rivalry between the british and germans 

  • MAIN (military: glorification of the military, alliances, imperialism, nationalism) 

  • Britain and Germany - 2 power standard 

  • The French want Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany 


Imperialism - all countries desire colonies outside of their borders 


  • Tensions in the Balkans (powder keg) 

  • Archduke Francais Ferdinand is assassinated by Gavrilo Princep

  • Germany gives Austria a blank check 

  • France steps in on behalf of Russia (they want Alsace and Lorraine back)

  • Germany wants to avoid a 2 front war so they have to cut through Belgium (neutral and allied with Britain) Britain steps in and WW1 starts 

  • Alliances: Great Britain, France, and US


Treaty of Versailles 

  • Punishes Germany heavily sowing the seeds for facism 

  • Alsace and Lorraine goes back to France

  • Germany pays 30B in reparations

  • Anschluss is not allowed 

  • German army cut down

  • Wilson gets League of Nations 

  • peace in between Germany and France is to be demilitarized (the Rhineland)


PanSlavism - russia believes its the leader/protector of all slavs 



Russia 

  • Treaty of Brest-Litsovsk takes Russia out of the War so Germany isn't in a 2 front war 

  • Czar Nicholas ll  made a lot of bad decisions 

  • Bloody Sunday: people protested against him and he ordered his troops to shoot on the crowd 

  • Lenin sees Russia struggling and promises the Russian people bread, land, and peace. (Russian Revolution)

  • Lenin believed that the people weren't smart enough to start the revolution but he believed only the Bolsheviks were (his political party) 


  • Stalin and Trotsky 

  • Stalin modernizes and industrializes Russia (5 year plans, collectivation: they are going to produce enough food for the workers and everyone else in the country, industrialization: factory managers lied about how much they could produce to avoid punishment and couldn’t meet their quotas → the products they produced were useless and broke very easily) 


Holodomor - considered genocide 

  • Stalin went after the Kulaks and forcibly moved out all of the food and starved 8M people 

  • He believed they were holding out on him 


Great Purge 

  • Stalin was paranoid and killed his trusted officers + military leaders 

  • Public show trials to show that the ones accused were getting “fair trials” (they weren’t) 

  • If you were accused, you were guilty 


Cult of Personality: When someone is depicted as godly or parent-like, someone to look up to 



WW2


  • Rise of Fascism (embraces capitalism)

  • Hitler and Mussolini 

  • Got into power legally 


  • Chamberlain gave almost all of Eastern Europe to Hitler to appease him 

  • Stalin and Hitler became friends, but Hitler turned on him 


  • Battle of Midway 

  • Japanese annexing Korea, trying to erase their culture (enduring) 

  • Rape of Nanjing 

  • The Atomic Bomb on Japan ended WW2 

  • Division of Germany (West: America, Britain, and France, and East Berlin) 



Nuremberg Trials - Tried the Axis leaders 


Holocaust 

  • Nuremberg race laws 

  • Liberation by allies in WW2 




Cold War 

  • Proxy war

  • Brinksmanship 

  • Alliances 

  • Communism v Democracy 

  • Iron Curtain 

  • Truman Doctrine: US pledged to help any country that wanted to fight communism 

  • Marshall Plan: US gave 30M in aid to countries that needed help (to stop spread of communism)

  • NATO and Warsaw Pact 

  • USSR put a blockade around West Berlin so no one could get in 

  • Berlin Airlift: The US dropped supplies into West Berlin 

  • Korean War, Vietnam War, Cuban Missile Crisis (Fidel Castro), Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (all proxy wars) 

  • Berlin Wall (Krushchev built), people from the East wanted to move to the West for better opportunities 

  • Glasnost: openness, 

  • Perostrika: economic reforms 

  • Regan demanded that Gorbachev tear down the Berlin Wall

  • The Soviet Satellite states collapsed and Gorbachev didn’t try to keep them together 


China 

  • Ethnocentrism 

  • Opium Wars 

    • Asians had a favorable balance of trade before the Opium Wars 

    • The British sold opium to China 

    • China asked Britain to stop selling opium in China 

    • They go to war and Britain wins because they are more industrialized(best military, weaponry) 

    • China has to sign Treaty of Nanjing and give certain privileges to the British (extraterratoriality, spheres of influence) 

  • Chiang Kai Shek vs. Mao Zi Dong 

  • Long March : Chiang Kai Shek chase Mao and his supporters around China and Mao helps the peasants giving him a big following 

  • China is the People’s Republic of China 

  • Great Leap Forward: China’s attempt to modernize and industrialize, he put peasants on collective farms and told them to make steel, quality was poor 

  • Mao steps down and Deng Xiao Peng introduces capitalism Mao isn’t happy 

  • Cultural Revolution: pinned towards the youth Mao wants them to be his agents of destruction, kids are taught to smash the 4 Olds (old habitats, old customs, old traditions, old ideas) They attack teachers and intellectuals - Mao wanted to create chaos 

  • Mao tells the kids to stop and tells the Red Guard to go learn from the peasants (he’s seen as the hero) 

  • After Mao dies, Deng Xiao Peng takes over 

  • Tiananmen Square Massacre: students were protesting for more freedoms 

  • 1-3 Child Policies failing 

  • People of Hong Kong are scared they will lose their freedom in 2047

  • Uigueers 

  • Tibet, Dalai Lama 



Japan 

  • Gunboat diplomacy 

  • Japan signs the Treaty of Kanagawa and has to give the US certain privileges 

  • Meiji Restoration 

    • Selective Borrowing to create a strong Japanese nation 

    • Japan defeats Russia, and it's the first time an Asian nation defeats a European one

    • Japan invested in many industries to fuel its technological


India 

  • Sepoy Mutiny 

  • India becomes a British colony

  • Hindus (majority), Muslims (minority) 

  • The fear is that Hindu needs are going to be focused on more, while Muslim needs are not 

  • Mummhad Ali Jinnah formed the Muslim League 

  • Mohandas Gandhi: used civil disobedience, boycotting British goods, non-violent non-cooperation, and passive resistance 

  • Salt was unfairly taxed 

  • In the Salt March crowd, US reporters are there and spreading what is happening to the rest of the world. 

  • Gandhi gets arrested 

  • People are overwhelming the British 

  • Jawaharlal Nehru: India's first Prime Minister, introduced a mixed economy, non-alignment, and the green revolution(improvements in farming techniques to create a more stable agricultural food supply) DURING COLD WAR  

  • Moving Day: violence between Muslims and Hindus, people had to decide where they wanted to live, Hindus in Pakistan move to India and Muslims in India move to Pakistan 


Iran THEOCRACY 

  • Shah was more modern in his policies 

  • When people revolted, the Ayatollah Khomeini and Khamenei (the supreme leader) saw this as an opportunity for them to take the Shah’s power 

  • Put sanctions on Iran and froze its assets 

  • The Shah fled during the revolution 

  • Iran is currently enriching uranium used to make nuclear weapons or peaceful energy purposes 


Intifada - Palestinian resistance  

Arab Spring 


Africa 

  • Berlin Conference 

  • Leopold Conflict in Congo

  • Kwame Nkurmah -Ghana 

  • Jomo Kenyatta  -Kenya 

  • Apartheid : Nelson Mandela