Lab Manuel Summary

Laboratory Safety Protocols

  • Read sections of manual before lab

  • Inform instructor of any health issues (pregnancy, allergies, etc.)

  • Limit items on lab bench to essentials only

  • No eating, drinking, or cosmetic use in lab

  • Confine long hair and loose clothing

  • Wear close-toed shoes; some chemicals stain clothing

  • Cover cuts/wounds with a bandage

  • Assume all chemicals are hazardous

  • Use pipettes/devices as directed for chemicals

  • Do not return chemicals to stock bottles unless instructed

  • Reseal reagent bottles post-use

  • Dispose of reagents as instructed

  • Keep chemicals away from edges to avoid spills

  • Wash skin immediately if contaminated

  • Report spills and accidents promptly; do not clean broken glassware

  • Handle sharp instruments (scalpels, blades, scissors) with care

  • Be aware of safety equipment locations (fire extinguisher, eye wash station)

Microscopy Introduction

  • Anatomy involves studying small structures, requiring magnification tools like compound bright-field microscopes.

  • Microscope parts and total magnification formula:
    Total Magnification=Power of Objective Lens×Power of Oculars\text{Total Magnification} = \text{Power of Objective Lens} \times \text{Power of Oculars}

Cell Anatomy and Functions

  • Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and chromosomes.

  • Identify parts of an animal cell using prepared slides (nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane).

Cell Cycle

  • Zygote develops into multicellular organism through division:

    • Interphase (90% of time): G1, S (DNA duplication), G2, (G0)

    • M phase (mitosis): five stages (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).

    • Mitosis ensures equal distribution of duplicate chromosomes to daughter cells.

Histology: Study of Tissues

Types of Tissues

  1. Epithelial: Covers surfaces, classified by shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and arrangement (simple, stratified).

  2. Connective: Provides support and binds other tissues, classified (loose, dense, cartilage).

  3. Muscle: Allows movement (skeletal, cardiac, smooth).

  4. Nervous: Transmits signals (neurons, glial cells).

Osteology: Study of the Skeletal System

  • The skeleton provides structure, protection, and mineral storage.

  • Bone markings indicate muscle and ligament attachments or pathways for nerves/blood vessels.

Myology: Study of the Muscular System

  • Muscle types: skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary, heart), smooth (involuntary, hollow organs).

  • Recognize major muscles and their functions via gross anatomy.

Neurology: Study of the Nervous System

  • Function: monitoring changes, processing input, and generating responses via neural signals.

  • Neuron types: multipolar, unipolar, and bipolar identified in motor neuron slides.

Special Senses

  • Includes vision (eye structure), hearing (ear structure), taste (taste buds), and smell (olfactory structures).