Gen Chem 2nd Quarter

Lewis Electron Dot Structure - The representation of the covalent compound above

OCTET RULE - atoms tend to gain stability by having 8 valence electrons.

VALENCE CONFIGURATION - the configuration in the highest Energy Level.

VALENCE ELECTRON - the electron(s) in the valence configuration.

Hund’s Rule of Multiplicity - Electron pairing cannot occur until each orbital of a given subshell/sublevel contains one electron each or singly occupied before pairing.

Ionic Bond - produced only when theres a transfer of electrons from one atom to another. one atom losses an electron (becoming a cation) and transfer it to another atom (becoming an anion)

Covalent bond - formed when two atoms share electrons in order to be stable, formed by two nonmetal elements

Hydrocarbons - simplest organic compounds that are made up of carbon and hydrogen.

  aliphatic - (those that do not contain a benzene ring).

aromatic - (those that contain a benzene ring).

Alkanes - carbon are simply bonded to four atoms. comprise the least reactive class of HC. insoluble in water because of its non-polar molecule

methane - CH4

ethane - CH3CH3

propane - CH3CH2CH3

butane - CH3CH2CH2CH3

Alkenes - contains at least 1 double bond.

Alkynes - unsaturated HC that contain triple bonds between carbons.

ethylene - raw materials in making plastics

ethylene glycol - (antifreeze)

acetylene - it is used in torches that can cut metals.

aryl group - a unit made of one or several fused benzene rings minus one hydrogen atom.

methanol - (wood alcohol) is used as organic solvent and can be possible substitute for gasoline.

ethanol or ethyl alcohol - is the most important and the least toxic of the alcohols and is commonly found in alcoholic beverages; also used in tinctures, essences and extracts.

isopropyl alcohol - also known as rubbing alcohol used in homes and hospitals as disinfectants; used in sponge bath to reduce high fever.

glycerol - is used as one of the components of making lotions.

acetone - is colorless and has a pungent and sweet taste; it is highly volatile and flammable, is used as paint and nail polish remover.

formic acid - used in leather making.

methanoic acid - is the simplest compound present in painful sting of an ant or a bee.

oxalic acid - is used as stain and rust remover.

stearic acid - is used in soap manufacture; present in coconut oil.

acetic acid or ethanoic acid - is used in vinegar.

benzoic acid - is used as a food preservative.

lactic acid - is formed in sour milk

diethyl ether - is the most important compounds of ethers; it is used in anaesthetic and valuable solvent for gums, fats and waxes. used because of its flammability and causes irritability in the respiratory tract and nausea after patient has awaken.

aspirin or acetyl salicylic acid - is used as a pain reliever (analgesic), fever reducer (antipyretic), and anti-inflammatory agent.

nitroglycerin - an ester of glycerol and nitric acid reduces high blood pressure by causing dilation of the small blood vessels.

benzedrine or amphetamine - is used to reduce respiratory congestion due to colds, hay fever and asthma.

histamine - is responsible for certain allergic reactions.

An antihistamine - helps block the allergic effects of the histamine.

nicotine - is an amine found in tobacco leaves. It affects the nervous system and causes changes in blood pressure.

barbiturates- which act as depressants are amides in cyclic form.

BOYLES LAW

volume is inversely proportional to pressure at constant temperature.

The plot is called an isotherm, since the relationship is exhibited only at constant temperature.

1 atm = 760 Torr (mm Hg) 1 atm = 101.3 kPa

1 L = 1000 m3 1 L = 1 dm3 1 mL = 1 cm3

The plot is called an isobar, since the relationship is exhibited only at constant pressure.

Charles’ Law is valid only if the amount of the gas is related to Kelvin temperature and the pressure is constant.

volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature at constant pressure.

Amedeo Avogadro - Was the first to suggest equal V of gases at the given T and P contain the same number of molecules regardless of their chemical nature and physical properties- Avogadro’s Law

Avogadro’s Law - State the relationship between volume and no. of moles

The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of a gas when the temperature and pressure are not changed.

mathematical expression for Avogadro’s Law: V1/n1 = V2/n2