PSB Exam 1 Review Pt.1

Aggregate field theory- states that consciousness is a side effect of the brain's activity. It is a field of activity that emerges from the brain's neurons. Consciousness is not a property of the brain itself but rather a property of the brain's activity.

Associationism- is a school of thought that says that all mental phenomena can be explained as associations between ideas (Ebbinghaus).

Behaviorism- a school of psychology that attempts to explain all mental phenomena as associations between ideas a school of psychology that attempts to explain all mental phenomena as associations between ideas (Watson & Skinner).

Cognitive neuroscience- studies how the brain enables mental processes like memory, attention, perception, and decision-making. It combines neuroscience and psychology, using techniques like brain imaging and electrophysiology to understand the biological processes underlying cognition (Milner).

Cytoarchitectonics- a brain map showing regions based on cell organization, like a city map showing neighborhoods. Scientists use it to understand brain function and communication, like a blueprint for learning about brain function (Korbinian Brodmann).

Localizationism- The theory that different brain functions can be localized to different physical regions of the brain (John Jackson).

Neuron doctrine- The idea that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory (Cajal).

Phrenology- the idea that character could be divined through palpating the skull (Joseph Gall).

Rationalism- a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

Syncytium- a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.

Electroencephalograph- recording the electrical activity of the brain via electrodes on the scalp

CAT- a method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography

PET- a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

MRI- a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain (brain anatomy).

fMRI- a form of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain that registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain (brain function).

Glial Cells- cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons

Neurons- the building blocks of the nervous system, transmitting information through the body. They have a cell body, dendrites, and an axon for sending and receiving signals. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals, forming networks that control bodily functions and behaviors.

Soma- cell body of a neuron

The membrane potential- Membrane potential is the electricity between cells for communication. Charges going in and out create membrane potential, aiding cell communication.

Action potential- An action potential is a rapid electrical signal in a neuron's axon that allows for neuron communication.

Ion channels- Ion channels are protein structures in cell membranes allowing ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride to pass.

Synaptic Transmission- the process by which neurons communicate with each other through the release and reception of neurotransmitters at the synapse.

PNS- the portion of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord.

CNS- central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

ANS- the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

Stroop effect- Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.

Single dissociation- a single dissociation between two functions provides limited and potentially misleading information

Double dissociation- a double dissociation can conclusively demonstrate that the two functions are localized in different areas of the brain.

TMS- a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain

Single cell recordings- measure the responsiveness of a neuron to a given stimulus (in terms of action potentials per second)

Synchrony EEG- sources oscillating roughly in phase so that their individual contributes to EEG add by superposition

Electrocorticogram- a technique for acquiring and analyzing data from electrode grids placed directly over the cortex

Oligodendrocytes myelinate
axons in the brain and spinal
cord.
• Schwann cells myelinate
axons in the peri