Lectures_1_2__3_

A. Description of Consonants

  • Places of Articulation / Organs of Speech

  • Manner of Articulation / Stricture

  • Activities of the Vocal Folds / Phonation

Page 2: Phonation (Voicing Nature)

  • Open state of Glottis: Voiceless sounds

  • Narrow state of Glottis: Voiced sounds

    • Pitch

    • Stress

    • Tone

    • Intonation

  • Whisper state of the Glottis: Whispered sounds

  • Creaky state of the Glottis: Creaky sounds

  • Closed Glottis: Glottal stop

Page 3: Organs of Speech / Articulators

  1. Nasal cavity

  2. Lips

  3. Teeth

  4. Alveolar ridge

  5. Hard palate

  6. Velum (soft palate)

  7. Uvula

  8. Apex (tip) of tongue

  9. Blade (front) of tongue

  10. Dorsum (back) of tongue

  11. Oral cavity

  12. Pharynx

  13. Epiglottis

  14. Larynx

  15. Vocal cords

  16. Trachea

  17. Esophagus

Page 4: Manner of Articulation / Stricture

  • Complete Closure: Stops / Plosives: /p, b, t, d, c, k, g, m, n, ŋ/

  • Close Approximation: Fricatives: /ɸ, β, ʘ, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ɕ, ʑ, x, ɣ, h/

  • Delayed Release: Affricates: /ʧ, ʤ, ʥ, ʨ/

  • Intermittent Closure: Trills / Flap ~ Tap: /ʙ, r, ɹ, ɾ/ (e.g., [tɹai]; [bɛɾə])

  • Open Approximation: Approximants / Glides: /j, w/

Page 5: Additional Features

  • Fortis / Lenis:

    • Fortis / Voiceless / Strong: /p, f, s, t, k, ʃ, ʧ/

    • Lenis / Voiced / Weak: /b, v, z, d, g, ʒ, ʤ/

Page 6: The International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2005)

Consonants (Pulmonic)

  • IPA Chart

    • Bilabial: Plosive: /p, b/

    • Labiodental: Plosive: /f, v/

    • Dental: Plosive: /θ, ð/

    • Alveolar: Plosive: /t, d/

    • Postalveolar: Plosive: /ʧ, ʤ/

    • Retroflex: Plosive: /ʈʂ, ʐ/

    • Palatal: Plosive: /c, ɟ/

    • Velar: Plosive: /k, g/

    • Uvular: Plosive: /q, ɢ/

    • Pharyngeal: Plosive: /ħ, ʕ/

    • Glottal: Plosive: /Ɂ/

Page 7: Description of Vowels

  • Part of Tongue Body:

    • Front: /i:, ɪ, ɛ, æ/

    • Central: /ɜ:, ə, ᴧ/

    • Back: /u:, ʊ, ɔ:, ɑ:, ɒ/

  • Height of Tongue Body:

    • High: /i:, ɪ, u:, ʊ/

    • Close Mid: /e, o/

    • Open Mid: /ɛ, ɜ:, ə, ɔ:/

    • Low: /æ, ᴧ, ɑ:, ɒ/

  • Lip Posture:

    • Rounded: /u:, ʊ, ɔ:, ɑ:, ɒ/

    • Unrounded: /i:, ɪ, ɛ, ɜ:, æ, ᴧ, ə/

  • Additional Features:

    • Tense vs. Lax: All long vowels and diphthongs vs. Most short vowels

    • Tongue Root: [+ATR]: /I, i:, e, o, u, u:/ vs. [-ATR]: /ɪ, ɛ, ɔ, ɔ:, ʊ/

Page 8: Monophthongs

  • All the examples of vowels listed above.

Page 9: Diphthongs

  • Rising/Closing:

    • /eɪ/: pray

    • /aɪ/: fight

    • /ɔɪ/: oil

    • /aʊ/: how

    • /əʊ/: go

  • Centering/Centring:

    • /ɪə/: fear

    • /ʊə/: poor

    • /ɛə/: air

Page 10: Vowel Chart (Monophthongs)

Table Layout:

  • Front:

    • Close: i

    • Close-mid: e

    • Open-mid: ɛ

    • Open: a

  • Central:

    • Close: 1

    • Open-mid: 3

    • Open: a

  • Back:

    • Close: u

    • Close-mid: o

    • Open-mid: ɔ

    • Open: ɒ