rib notching on X-ray. =Coarctation of the Aorta

Coarctation of the aorta=of leg pain after exercise, has higher blood pressure in his arms than legs, and visible intercostal vessels when leaning forward

A 15-year-old has fatigue and blood pressure of 160/80 mmHg in the arms and 90/60 mmHg in the legs. Echocardiography shows narrowing of the aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. What is the most likely complication if left untreated? Aortic rupture

Coarctation of the aorta is most commonly located:

A) Distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery

severe coarctation of the aorta?Aortoplasty with patch graft

complication:

Congestive heart failure,Aortic rupture,Bacterial endocarditis

PDA

continuous “machinery” murmur, and signs of pulmonary hypertension.

Echocardiography confirms the diagnosis

medication can promote PDA closure in neonates=Indomethacin

ASD

fixed splitting of the second heart sound, and a systolic murmur.

Large ASDs are usually treated by:Direct suturing or patch

closure

VSD

has recurrent respiratory infections and a pansystolic murmur

💔the most common type of VSD? Perimembranous

👍3-year-old child has recurrent respiratory infections and a pansystolic murmur. Echocardiography reveals a 5mm perimembranous VSD

Eisenmenger syndrome can occur in: A) Large VSDs

Pulmonary hypertension=Left-to-right shunting

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

harsh systolic murmur. (Ejection systolic murmur)And cyanosis

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Ventricular septal defect

Pulmonary stenosis

palliative surgery for TOF=Blalock-Taussig shunt

definitive treatment=Surgical correction of VSD and pulmonary stenosis

immediate management for cyanotic spells=Place the child in a knee-chest position

.Acquired Heart Diseases:

the most common cause of mitral stenosis=Rheumatic fever
loud first heart sound

A 45-year-old woman with a history of rheumatic fever presents with fatigue, hemoptysis, and a loud first heart sound. Echocardiography shows a mitral valve area of 1.5 cm². What is the most appropriate treatment?valvotomyballoon

Pulmonary Stenosis:

A 10-year-old boy presents with exertional dyspnea and a systolic murmur best heard at the left upper sternal border. Echocardiography shows pulmonary stenosis. What is the treatment of choice?Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty

TGV:palliative intervention in neonates with TGV?

Balloon atrial septostomy (Rashkind procedure)
👍A neonate with TGV has no associated septal defects or PDA. What is the next immediate management step to maintain systemic oxygenation?Administer prostaglandin infusionA 👍👍neonate with severe cyanosis at birth is diagnosed with TGV. Prostaglandins are started to maintain ductal patency. What is the definitive surgical treatment?A) Arterial switch operation