Qing Dynasty (1900-1911):

Agricultural:

• Undeveloped peasant economy

Industrial:

• Produced many natural resources

  • tea + sugar

  • silk + opium

• Foreign influence

• Trade concessions

• Railways

Taxes:

• High taxes => 67M reparations for the Boxer Uprising

Warlord Era (1916-1927):

• Cost to the economy

  • Taxes raised => warlord armies needed feeding, training + supplies

  • => more money printed => inflation

• No government reforms possible

• Foreign influence continues

Weak GMD Control (1928-1937):

Civil war: continuing conflict

• No GMD reforms

• CCP reforms in the Jiangxi Soviet

• Foreign influence continues

Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945):

• Devastation of country

Agricultural:

• No GMD reforms

• Popular land reforms in CCP areas

Industrial:

• GMD inflation

• GMD corruption

  • Chiang Kai-shek’s big businesses

Civil War (1946-1949):

• Devastation of country (industrial output 50% decrease than in the mid-30s)

Agricultural:

• No GMD reforms

• Popular land reforms in CCP areas

Industrial:

• GMD inflation

• GMD corruption

  • Chiang Kai-shek’s big businesses

Mao and the CCP (1950-1959):

Agriculture:

• Agrarian Land Reform (1950)

  • Redistribution of land

  • Aim:

    • Combat class struggle

    • Improve efficiency

  • Success

• Mutual Aid Teams (1951-53)

  • Working together

    • Teams of 10 households

    • Shared equipment BUT land individually owned

  • Aim:

    • Improve efficiency

  • Success

• Agriculture Production Cooperatives (1953-55)

  • Pooling resources

    • 30 households

    • Shared resources BUT land individually owned

  • Aim:

    • Improve efficiency

  • Success

• Advanced APCs (1955-57)

  • Collective ownership

    • 150-200 households

    • No ownership over land BUT paid wages for labour

  • Aim:

    • Improve efficiency

  • Success

• Collectivisation (1958-60) Part of the GLF

  • Communes

    • 30,000 people in one

    • 26,000 communes

    • No private ownership whatsoever

  • Work included: farming, irrigation, backyard blast-furnaces, building schools, hospitals + roads

  • Aim:

    • Mass Mobilisation

    • Improve efficiency

  • Disaster => Great Famine (1959)

Industrial:

• The First Five Year Plan (1953-57)

  • Copying Stalin

    • Moving towards collectivisation

  • Focus on heavy industry

  • Aim:

    • Increase output

    • Expand working class

  • Success

• The Great Leap Forward (1958-62)

  • Mao’s own ideas

  • Focus on heavy industry

  • Aims:

    • Increase output

    • Self-reliance

  • Disaster

Deng & Liu (1959-1965):

Agriculture:

• Smaller communes

• Limited capitalist reforms

  • Peasants paid on how well they worked

  • Private land plots

  • Some produce could be sold for profit

Industrial:

• Inefficient, small factories + backyard furnaces shut down

• Professional advisors put in charge

• Paid on quality of work

• Return to large urban factories

• 11% growth per annum (1962-65)

The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976):

Agricultural:

• Private land taken (1966)

• Little change (1970)

• Slow growth (1970)

Industrial:

• Red Guards assaulted experts

• Return of experts (1970)

• Limited capitalist reforms (1970)

Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989):

Agricultural:

• Large steps towards capitalism

• Communes ended

• Xiang - land on a 15 year lease, free choice of crops

• Big success - motive for profit

• Limited peasant investment

  • Land still held by state

Industrial:

• Huge success

  • Special Economic Zones (coastal areas)

    • businesses privately owned

    • Lower taxes imposed

    • Foreign investment encouraged

    • Develop export industries

      • exports 500% increase

  • Town and Village Enterprises

    • Concept of SEZs extended inland

    • Production of goods to domestic market

• Foreign influence

• Business with foreign businessmen

• Return of capitalist problems

  • Strikes + anger