Honors Biology Chapter 1
Chapter 1
%%Section 1.1%%
| Cue Column: | Notes Column: |
|---|---|
| What is nature? | Everything in the universe not manufactured by humans |
| Who are people that attempt to make sense of nature? | Scientist, clerics, farmers, astronauts - biologists |
| What do biologists study? | All aspects of life; atoms to global relationships among organisms |
| What are atoms? | Atoms are fundamental building blocks of all substances |
| What are molecules? | Units in which atoms are joined together (complex carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA) |
| What are cells? | Smallest unit of life that can survive + reproduce on its own |
| What is an organism? | Individual that consists of one or more cells |
| What is an example of a population? | Humphead parrotfish living on Shark Reef in the Red Sea |
| How does a community depend on the area? | May be larger or smaller |
| What is the most inclusive level of an organization? | Biosphere encompasses all regions of Earth in which organisms live |
| What are emergent properties? | Characteristics of a system that do not appear in any of its components |
Summary Area:
- Nature has levels of organization, and unique properties emerge at higher levels
- Atoms ➡ cell ➡ multi celled species ➡ population ➡ community ➡ ecosystem ➡ biosphere
%%Section 1.2%%
| Cue Column: | Notes Column: |
|---|---|
| What would happen if you gave up eating? | The energy and nutrients keeping your body running would run out |
| What are the 2 types of organisms? | Producers and consumers |
| How do producers get energy? | Make their own food |
| How do consumers get energy? | Indirectly; by eating producers and organisms |
| How does energy flow? | Flows from the environment, to producers, to consumers |
| How do organisms sense and respond to condition changes? | By way of receptors |
| In what conditions will cells in the body die? | When the environment's composition is not kept within a certain range |
| What is homeostasis? | Organisms adjusting to change |
| Why is DNA important? | DNA is the basis of growth, survival, and reproductionDNA contains instructions to make proteins |
| Different proteins have … | Structural and functional roles |
| How is DNA transmitted from parents to offsprings? | Inheritance; reproduction (mechanism of transmit), development (orderly, transformation of first cell) |
Summary Area:
- All organisms require input of energy
- Organisms sense chance and adapt by homeostasis
- Organisms grow and reproduce based on info encoded in DNA
%%Section 1.3%%
| Cue Column: | Notes Column: |
|---|---|
| How is info of so many species organized? | Each species is assigned a two part name genus (first part) combined with second part, design |
| What are inclusive groupings above genus? | Phylum, kingdom, domain |
| What type of organism are bacteria and archaeans? | Single celled organisms |
| What are the simplest eukaryotic organisms? | Protists |
| What else do plants feed asides themselves? | The biosphere |
| Types of animals: | Herbivores graze, carnivores eat meat, scavengers eat remains of organisms, parasite pilfer nutrients from a host’s tissue |
Summary Area:
- Life is very unique and diverse
- All organisms consist of one or more cells
- Species are grouped into a 3 domains: bacteria archaea, eukarya
- Fungi, plants, and animals are all multicellular
%%Section 1.4%%
| Cue Column: | Notes Column: |
|---|---|
| How are individuals in a population alike? | In certain aspects of their body form, function, and behavior |
| What is mutation? | Changed in DNA |
| What happens when a natural population increases in size? | Individuals compete more for limited environmental resources |
| What is natural selection? | The differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that different in the details of their heritable traits |
| What is artificial selection? | Favoring of some forms of a given trait over others in nature |
| What are selective agents? | Agents of selections act on the range of variations in the wild |
| When does evolution occur? | When different forms of a trait are becoming more or less common over successive generations |
%%Lecture Notes 1.2 - 1.4%%
%%Section 1.5%%
- Critical thinking - judging information before accepting it
- Looking for underlying assumptions, evaluating the supporting statements, and thinking of alternatives
- Science the systematic study of nature
- Helps to be objective about our observations of nature
- Limit science to what is observable
- Looks for natural explanations of objects and events
- Does not address subjective and supernatural questions
- Explanations must be testable in the natural world in ways that others can repeat
- Science helps to communicate experiences without bias (close to a universal language)
- Helps to find common ground on Earth
%%Section 1.6%%
- Scientific Method: Observation ➡ Question ➡ Hypothesis ➡ Prediction ➡ Observational Test ➡ Experimental Test ➡ Report
- Different ways to do research
- Scientist do not accept information just because someone says it is truth
- Evaluate evidence and find potential alternatives
- Scientific Theory
- Stands after years of testing
- Consistent with all evidence
- Useful to make predictions about other phenomena
- Accepted theory is not the absolute truth
%%Section 1.7%%
- Biological systems are usually influenced by interacting variables
- Scientific experiments can simplify observations of nature by focusing on the cause, effect, or function of one variable at a time
- Researchers design experiments carefully to minimize potential bias in interpreting the results
%%Section 1.8%%
- Small sample size increases the chance of sampling error in experiments
- Subset may be testing that is not representative of the whole