Hemopoiesis and Nutritional anemias (2)

Integrative Module on Hemopoiesis and Nutritional Anemias

Introduction

  • Dr. Rusul Najah Alnumani, University Of Kufa, Faculty Of Medicine (2024-2025)

Haemopoiesis

  • Definition: Blood cell formation.

  • Sites of Haemopoiesis:

    • Fetus:

      • 0-2 months: Yolk sac

      • 2-7 months: Liver, spleen

      • 5-9 months: Bone marrow

    • Infants:

      • Bone marrow (practically all bones)

    • Adults:

      • Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis, proximal ends of femurs

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)

  • Initiates from pluripotential stem cell.

  • Asymmetric cell division allows self-renewal while also giving rise to separate cell lineages.

  • HSC is rare, approx. 1 in every 20 million nucleated cells.

  • Immunological markers: CD34+ CD38−, negative for lineage markers, resembles small/medium lymphocyte.

Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells Diagram

  • Various progenitor cells identified by colony type they form, including:

    • Erythroid progenitors (BFU-E, CFU-E) for red cells

    • Megakaryocyte progenitor (CFU-Meg)

    • Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (CFU-GM)

    • Lymphoid progenitors leading to T, B, and NK cells.

Erythropoietin (EPO)

  • A heavily glycosylated polypeptide primarily produced (90%) in kidneys and (10%) in liver.

  • No preformed stores; production stimulus is oxygen tension in kidney tissues.

  • EPO promotes erythropoiesis by increasing number of progenitor cells committed to erythropoiesis.

Bone Marrow Dynamics

  • Development sequence of red cells from pronormoblast through to mature RBCs:

    • Pronormoblast > Early (60-80% in cell cycle) > Intermediate (polychromatic) > Late (pyknotic) > Reticulocytes > Mature RBCs.

  • Comparison of Normoblast, Reticulocyte, and Mature RBC:

    • Nuclear DNA: Yes (Normoblast), No (Reticulocyte and Mature RBC).

    • RNA in cytoplasm: Yes (Normoblast, Reticulocyte), No (Mature RBC).

    • In marrow: Yes (all), In blood: No (Normoblast), Yes (Reticulocyte, Mature RBC).

Anemia

  • Definition: Reduction in hemoglobin concentration below normal for age and sex.

    • Hb Thresholds:

      • Adult males: < 135 g/L (WHO: < 130 g/L)

      • Adult females: < 115 g/L (WHO: < 110 g/L)

      • Children (2 years to puberty): < 110 g/L

      • Newborns: Lower limit at 140 g/L.

Physiological Adaptations to Anemia

  • Acute Blood Loss:

    • Rapid increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output, redistribution of blood flow to vital organs.

  • Slowly Developing Anemia:

    • Days to weeks: Increase in erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate, increased EPO production enhances erythropoiesis.

Clinical Features of Anemia

  • Symptoms: Shortness of breath, weakness, palpitations, headaches.

  • Older patients may show signs of cardiac failure or confusion.

  • Physical signs: Pallor of mucous membranes, tachycardia, bounding pulse, cardiomegaly, flow murmur.

  • Specific signs associated with types of anemia, e.g., koilonychia (spoon nails) in iron deficiency.

Classification of Anemia

  • Microcytic, Hypochromic (MCV < 80 fL): Iron deficiency, Thalassaemia, etc.

  • Normocytic, Normochromic (MCV 80-95 fL): Numerous causes, from haemolytic anemias to renal disease.

  • Macrocytic (MCV > 95 fL): Megaloblastic (B12 or folate deficiency), Non-megaloblastic (alcohol, liver disease).

Diagnostic Approach

  • History, physical examination, complete blood count (CBC), blood film analysis, reticulocyte count, specific tests (iron studies, vit B12/folate), bone marrow evaluation if other tests inconclusive.

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

  • Iron Absorption and Metabolism:

    • Dietary iron sources differ, with meat being a better source; approx. 10% is absorbed.

    • Absorption: Occurs in the duodenum, enhanced by certain factors like acidic pH and low molecular weight soluble chelates (vit C).

Causes of Iron Deficiency

  • Chronic blood loss (GI, menstrual), increased physiological demands (infancy, adolescence, pregnancy), and dietary deficiencies.

Clinical Features of IDA

  • Symptoms: Pallor, palpitations, tinnitus, irritability, weakness, dizziness.

  • Non-hematologic signs: Glossitis, angular stomatitis, gastric atrophy, koilonychia, pica.

Laboratory Investigations for IDA

  1. Full blood count and blood film examination.

  2. Screening tests for iron status: serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin.

  3. Bone marrow iron stores evaluation if needed.

Treatment of IDA

  • Address the underlying cause, administer oral iron (e.g., Ferrous sulfate), and ensure treatment lasts for at least 6 months to replenish stores.

  • Monitor hemoglobin rise rate of ~20 g/L every 3 weeks.

Other Hypochromic Anemias

  • Include conditions like Thalassemia, Anemia of Chronic Disease, Lead Poisoning, and Sideroblastic Anemia.

Megaloblastic Anemia (MBA)

  • Characterized by delayed maturation of the nucleus relative to cytoplasm; commonly due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.

  • Laboratory Findings: Macrocytic anemia, with hypersegmented neutrophils and large erythroblasts.

Clinical Features of MBA

  • Symptoms: Gradual onset of anemia, jaundice, glossitis, and neuropathy (for B12 deficiency).

  • Consequences for fetal development if maternal deficiency is present.

Treatment of MBA

  • Vitamin B12 supplementation (Hydroxocobalamin) and folic acid administration as required.

Integrative Module on Hemopoiesis and Nutritional Anemias

Introduction

  • Instructor: Dr. Rusul Najah Alnumani, University Of Kufa, Faculty Of Medicine (2024-2025)

Haemopoiesis

  • Definition: Blood cell formation.

  • Sites of Haemopoiesis:

    • Fetus:

      • 0-2 months: Yolk sac

      • 2-7 months: Liver, spleen

      • 5-9 months: Bone marrow

    • Infants: All bones (Bone marrow)

    • Adults: Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, skull, sacrum, pelvis, proximal ends of femurs

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC)

  • Characteristics: Rare (1 in 20 million nucleated cells), initiates from pluripotential stem cell, features asymmetric cell division for self-renewal.

  • Immunological Markers: CD34+, CD38−.

Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells

  • Colony types include:

    • Erythroid progenitors (BFU-E, CFU-E) for red cells

    • Megakaryocyte progenitor (CFU-Meg)

    • Granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (CFU-GM)

    • Lymphoid progenitors (T, B, NK cells).

Erythropoietin (EPO)

  • Production: 90% in kidneys and 10% in liver; responds to oxygen tension in kidneys.

  • Function: Promotes erythropoiesis by increasing progenitor cells for red cells.

Bone Marrow Dynamics

  • Development Sequence: Pronormoblast > Early > Intermediate > Late > Reticulocytes > Mature RBCs.

  • Comparison of Cell Types:

    • Normoblast: Yes DNA, Yes RNA, present in bone marrow; Absent in blood.

    • Reticulocyte: No DNA, Yes RNA, present in both bone marrow and blood.

    • Mature RBC: No DNA, No RNA, present only in blood.

Anemia

  • Definition: Reduction in hemoglobin concentration below normal.

  • Hb Thresholds:

    • Adult males: < 135 g/L

    • Adult females: < 115 g/L

    • Children: < 110 g/L

    • Newborns: Lower limit at 140 g/L.

Physiological Adaptations & Clinical Features

  • Adaptations:

    • Acute blood loss: Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, cardiac output.

    • Slowly developing anemia leads to increased erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate and EPO production.

  • Symptoms: Shortness of breath, weakness, palpitations, headaches; older patients may exhibit cardiac failure or confusion.

  • Physical Signs: Pallor, tachycardia, bounding pulse, flow murmur.

Classification of Anemia

  • Microcytic, Hypochromic (MCV < 80 fL): Iron deficiency, Thalassemia.

  • Normocytic, Normochromic (MCV 80-95 fL): Hemolytic anemias, renal disease.

  • Macrocytic (MCV > 95 fL): Megaloblastic (B12 or folate deficiency), Non-megaloblastic (alcohol, liver disease).

Diagnostic Approach

  • Evaluation includes history, physical examination, CBC, blood film analysis, reticulocyte count, iron studies, bone marrow evaluation.

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

  • Causes: Chronic blood loss, increased physiological demands, dietary deficiencies.

  • Symptoms: Pallor, palpitations, tinnitus, weakness.

  • Laboratory Investigations: Serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, serum ferritin.

  • Treatment: Address underlying cause, oral iron supplementation, treatment duration of at least 6 months.

Other Anemias

  • Hypochromic Anemias: Thalassemia, Anemia of Chronic Disease, Lead Poisoning.

  • Megaloblastic Anemia: Characterized by nuclear-cytoplasmic maturation delay; treated with B12 and folic acid supplementation.