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The Compromise of 1877

·         Rutherford B Hayes had the goal of resolving the 1876 election versus Samuel Tilden in Washington D.C, which had affected mostly the southern and northern states, which had also resulted in ending the reconstruction in the south. Many federal troops were withdrawn from the south and it led to the rise of many things that imposed and supported racism.

The Black Codes

·         Southern state legislatures and had laws that restricted the rights of recently freed African Americans after the Civil War in 1865-1866. It limited black people’s ability to own property, work jobs, and move freely. They were to adhere to white supremacy in conditions like slavery. This would be overturned in 1866 but persisted throughout Jim Crow.

Plessy v. Ferguson

·         In 1896 an African American man named Homer Plessy who had been arrested for sitting in a white only railroad car had tried to reason to the Supreme Court, which would make the landmark decision in upholding racial segregation under the term “separate but equal” in 1896 which would affect segregation laws in the south. It would not be overturned until 1954.

Disenfranchisement

·         Southern legislatures targeted African Americans with policies and laws that were designed to prevent African Americans from voting in Southern States in the late 19^th century and early 20^th century. States would use polls, literacy tests, and other things to keep blacks from voting. Many white supremacy groups would use violence and intimidation to enforce this at times. This significantly reduced black rights until 1965.

Second Industrial Revolution

·         Industrial leaders Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller had a great role in a period of rapid industrialization with large advancements in the steel, railroad, electricity, and transportation areas in the late 19^th century and early 20^th century in the US and Europe. This would eventually lead to the rise of monopolies and big businesses. Poor working conditions would also rise and cause labor strikes and unions.

Reimagining time

·         Factory workers as well as general society would have a shift in understanding time due to the change in industries and the technologies in the late 19^th century-early 20^th century. This mostly occurred in the west, in urban and industrial areas. This increased work efficiency while maintaining strict schedules in workplaces. This would replace task-based work.

Exploitations of Western Resources

·         Settlers, miners, and railroad companies in the late 19^th century in the west, especially in California and Nevada had extracted a large amount of gold, silver, and timber. This would cause lasting damage as much deforestation would go on. Native American cultures would also be affected by thing as they would be majorly displaced from the large amount of exploitation that would leave them without homes.

Homestead Act

·         Many settlers were seeking land throughout the west in the late 19^th century and the government was looking to provide free land to those settlers if they were willing to cultivate it for at least 5 years. It provided 160 acres of free land. Many of these people would struggle due to the poor conditions. This would also contribute to the displacement of Native Americans

Dawes Act and Native Assimilation

·         The U.S. Congress had created laws to divide tribal lands to assimilate Native Americans into the U.S. Society in the late 19^th century. They created many different requirements for Native Americans, like requiring them to go to school and creating schools just for them to go to. This would break up many tribal lands in hopes that it would encourage farming and private landownership. This weakened many Native cultures and tribes.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

·         Around 146 workers would be killed in a factory fire New York in March of 1911 that would cause a very large outrage and problem within the public as they would be asking for labor reforms. The many locked doors, unsafe work conditions, and lack of safe exits prevented many of the workers from escaping. This was a major key event in labor reforms.

Child Labor

·         Throughout the late 19^th century and early 20^th, there was a large widespread practice of employing young children in the dangerous and hazardous low wage jobs that adults were unable to take within industrial cities in the U.S. These jobs would be in factories, mines and farms. In terms of the jobs they would do, it would be where adults couldn’t fit, or didn’t have the time to do.

16^th amendment and income tax

·         U.S. congress as well as taxpayers would create the 16^th amendment that would allow the government to levy a federal income tax, as it would be ratified in 1913 in the U.S. This replaced the large reliance on tariffs. It addressed economic inequality and provided funding for the government. It was controversial but provided a fair way of taxation as it targeted the wealthy.

Adamson Act

·         Railroad workers and President Woodrow Wilson would establish a law that required eight-hour workdays for interstate railroad workers in 1916 in the United States that affected many railroad companies and workers. Its goal was to prevent a nationwide strike that might’ve disrupted commerce. This showed that the government was willing to regulate working conditions and helped with labor disputes.

Keating-Owen Act

·         This law regulated child labor by banning the sale of goods made by children under 14 in 1916. It was partially aimed to help improve working conditions. It was overturned in 1918 since the Supreme Court thought it was overstepping power. It helped build momentum for later child labor reforms.

Carrie Chapman Catt

·         Carrie Chapman Catt would be the leader of the American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) as they would advocate for women’s suffrage and political views in a state-by-state approach in securing voting rights. She used and maintained a moderate strategy. This occurred in the early 20^th century which would lead to the passage of the 19^th amendment. She played a big part in granting women the right to vote.

Frontier Thesis

·         Frederick Jackson Turner would have the idea of the American Frontier shaping democracy and national character in the late 19^th century in Chicago in the World’s Columbian Exposition. He proposed that the westward expansion was crucial in shaping this. He also claimed that this made Americans unique compared to Europeans.

Alice Paul and Political Agitation

·         Alice Paul would be the leader of the National Women’s Party and suffragette. She advocated for women’s suffrage through protests, hunger strikes, and other direct actions in the early 20^th century across the U.S. Like Chapman Catt, she would also contribute to the 19^th amendment in fighting for women’s rights. She was able to show what the power of action and disobedience did.

Rosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

·         President Theodore Roosevelt would extend the Monroe doctrine to justify U.S. intervention in Latin America in 1904. This would justify military interventions in many places like Cuba and Panama. It gave a large focus on American imperialism. It aimed to maintain stability.

Panama Canal

·         The U.S. governments as well as the people of Panama would create a canal that would connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that would be completed in 1914. This was originally started by the French. It symbolized American engineering power. It was eventually handed over to Panama in 1999.

Sinking of the RMS Lusitania

·         A German U-Boat would sink a British passenger ship in May of 1915 off the coast of Ireland that would kill 1,200 people and sort of start the sparking of WWI. This would kill 128 American as and it would outrage the American public as it would cause anger against Germans. This grew support in the U.S. joining the war and cause a turning point in the U.S. policies.

Zimmerman telegram

·         German foreign minister Arthur Zimmerman would make a secret proposal for a military alliance between Mexico and Germany in 1917. It would be intercepted by the British and revealed in the U.S. It was to promise the return of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they were to attack the U.S. This led to the U.S. entering the war.

The Creel and Committee and Propaganda

·         George Creel and the U.S. Government would create and promote pro-war propaganda during WWI in 1817-1919 throughout the United States. The use of posters, films, speeches, and newspapers all played a key role in this propaganda. It not only encouraged patriotism but also fueled German resentment. This was an example of government-controlled messaging.

The Espionage Act

·         This would be a law made during WWI that would make it a crime to interfere with military operations or insubordination. This would affect U.S. Congress and individuals that were accused of disloyalty. This limited much of the freedom of speech. This would remain in use today and is applied in cases involving the leaks of government information.

Doughboys

·         It was a nickname of U.S. Soldiers fighting in Europe, mainly France, during WWI in 1917-18. They would be described as people who look like they can’t fight a war and wouldn’t make a difference, but they would highly change the tide of the war. Many of them were younger and inexperienced but still helped. Their name mostly came from the influence and the looks of the men.

Treaty of Versailles

·         The allied powers and Germany would sign a peace treaty that would end WWI and impose very harsh penalties on Germany in 1919 that would cause many problems that would eventually sort of contribute to WWII. It caused a large loss in territories and privileges from Germany. It also created the League of Nations, in which the U.S. wouldn’t join.

Return to Normalcy

·         This was a campaign slogan used by President Warren G. Harding that would promote to prewar and normal conditions during the 1920 election as they would appeal to this to come back from the war by choosing a strong post war electorate. His promise was very appealing to the public as they wanted stability and isolationism. This would ultimately fail, as many people would have differing views of normalcy and stability and it was marked by corruption.

The Second Wave of the KKK

·         KKK Members would target not only African Americans, but also immigrants and Catholics as this would be the resurgence they would have where they would promote nativism and white supremacy throughout the 1915 and 1920s nationwide. This would eventually be put to an end coming to the roaring 20s. This version of the KKK would be more influenced by other factors rather than just race and it was more organized than ever.

18^th amendment and prohibition

·         U.S. Congress and temperance advocates would create a constitutional amendment prohibiting the use and sale of alcohol. It would occur throughout the U.S., and it would be ratified in 1919. Many people linked the issues that society was plagued with to alcohol. Many crimes like bootlegging would occur and it became harder to enforce this law which led to its repeal in 1933.

Flappers

·         In the 1920’s this would be what your call young women that would challenge social norms as they would be known for fashion, dancing, and embracing modernity. Many of them wore short dresses, cutting their hair, and embraced nightlife. They were very controversial as many people thought they represented moral decline.

Buck v. Bell

·         In 1927, the supreme court would rule the upholding of the constitutionality of forced sterilization for the government to have control over reproduction. This was done to people that were deemed unfit to reproduce, like the mentally ill. It supported eugenics policies by preventing the reproduction of undesirable traits.

The Stock Market Crash of 1929

·         Investors, stockbrokers, and the public on October 29, 1929, also known as Black Tuesday, would all be affected by the large collapse of stock prices in New York, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. Over $14 billion was lost. This caused a lot of speculation, weak banks, unemployment, and widespread poverty.

Bonus March in Washington.

·         WWI Veterans would protest as an attempt to demand the payment of the bonuses they were promised by 1945 for their military service. This would occur in 1932, and they would eventually get some of their money, but many would still be unsatisfied. President Hoover would order troops to remove them. This would cause a lot of public distrust in the government during the great depression.