Week 7 - Joints

Page 1: Introduction

• Title: Chapter 09 Joints

• Author: Kenneth S. Saladin

• Edition: Tenth Edition

• Publisher: McGraw-Hill LLC

Page 2: Joints and Their Classification

Expected Learning Outcomes

• Understand the definition of joints and their functions.

• Name and describe the four major categories of joints:

  • Bony

  • Fibrous

  • Cartilaginous

  • Synovial

• Identify and describe the three types of fibrous joints along with examples:

  • Sutures

  • Gomphoses

  • Syndesmoses

• Distinguish the types of sutures.

• Explain the two types of cartilaginous joints with examples:

  • Synchondroses

  • Symphyses

• Understand how aging affects the classification of joints.

Page 3: Overview of Joints

Key Concepts

• Definition of Joints: Locations where two bones connect, irrespective of their mobility.

• Joint Classifications:

  • Bony Joints

  • Fibrous Joints

  • Cartilaginous Joints

  • Synovial Joints

Page 4: Bony Joints

Definition

• Bony Joints (Synostosis): Fixed joints that occur when the space between two bones ossifies into a single bone.

Examples

• Fusion of the frontal and mandibular bones in infants.

• Fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis forming the hip bone in adults.

• The joint between the first rib and sternum becoming one as one ages.

• Parietal bones fusing along the sagittal suture over time.

• This can happen in both fibrous and cartilaginous joints.

Page 5: Fibrous Joints

Definition

• Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis): Joints where adjacent bones are held together by collagen fibers.

Types

1. Sutures

2. Gomphoses

3. Syndesmoses

Page 6: Types of Fibrous Joints (Visual)

Illustration and Structures

• (a) Suture: A type of fibrous connective tissue.

• (b) Gomphosis: The joint between a tooth and its socket.

• (c) Syndesmosis: A joint maintained by long collagen fibers.

Page 7: Sutures

Description

• These are immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints that connect skull bones using short collagen fibers.

Page 8: Gomphoses

Definition

• Gomphosis: A joint that connects a tooth to its socket through the periodontal ligament.

Functionality

• This joint allows for slight movement during chewing, secured by collagen fibers.

Page 9: Illustrations of Fibrous Joints (Visual)

Page 10: Syndesmoses

Definition

• Syndesmosis: Joints that are linked by long collagen fibers, which allow movement.

Examples

• Highly mobile syndesmosis: Interosseous membrane (between radius and ulna).

• Less mobile syndesmosis: Joint between the tibia and fibula.

Page 11: Illustrations of Fibrous Joints (Visual)

Page 12: Cartilaginous Joints

Definition

• Cartilaginous Joint (Amphiarthrosis): Joints where two bones are bound together by cartilage.

Types

• Synchondroses

• Symphyses

Page 13: Synchondroses

Description

• Synchondrosis: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage.

Examples

• Temporary joint during growth between the epiphysis and diaphysis in children.

• The attachment of the first rib to the sternum.

Page 14: Illustrations of Cartilaginous Joints (Visual)

Page 15: Symphyses

Definition

• Symphysis: A joint linking two bones through fibrocartilage.

Examples

• Pubic Symphysis: Connects the left and right pubic bones.

• The intervertebral discs connecting the vertebral bodies can provide slight movements collectively.

Page 16: Illustrations of Cartilaginous Joints (Visual)

Page 17: Synovial Joints

Expected Learning Outcomes

• Identify fundamental anatomical elements of synovial joints.

• Classify joint actions using lever classifications.

• Discuss factors affecting joint range of motion.

• Name and describe six types of synovial joints.

Page 18: Definition of Synovial Joints

Characteristics

• Synovial Joint (Diarthrosis): Freely movable joints featuring a joint cavity.

• This type is the most structurally intricate and commonly developed, vital for therapists and athletes.

Page 19: General Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Part 1

Structure

• Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones, typically 2-3 mm thick.

• Joint Cavity: The space situated between articular surfaces.

• Synovial Fluid: A lubricant that nourishes cartilage, resembling raw egg whites.

Page 20: General Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Part 2

Continued Structure

• Joint Capsule: Encloses the joint cavity.

  • Outer Fibrous Capsule: Continuous with the periosteum of bones.

  • Inner Synovial Membrane: Responsible for secreting synovial fluid.

• Sensory receptors found in capsules and ligaments monitor movement.

Page 21: Illustrations of Synovial Joint Structures (Visual)

Page 22: General Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Part 3

Additional Structures

• Articular Disc: Pads present in certain joints (e.g., TMJ, sternoclavicular joints).

• Meniscus: Crescent-shaped pads found in joints like the knee, assisting in movement and fit.

Page 23: Accessory Structures Associated with Synovial Joints

Components

• Tendon: Attaches muscle to bone.

• Ligament: Connects bone to bone.

• Bursa: A synovial fluid-filled sac that cushions and facilitates tendon movement.

• Tendon Sheath: An elongated bursa encasing tendons.

Page 24: Illustrations of Tendon Sheaths and Bursae (Visual)

Page 25: Axes of Rotation

Key Concept

• Joints maintain stationary axes of rotation; for instance, the shoulder joint has three axes allowing multiple movements (multiaxial).

Page 26: Illustrations of Joint Rotation Types (Visual)

Page 27: Classes of Synovial Joints - Overview

Types

• Six Major Classes: Classified based on the shape of articular surfaces and their degrees of freedom.

  • Multiaxial: Ball-and-socket joints.

  • Biaxial: Condylar, saddle, and plane joints.

  • Monoaxial: Hinge and pivot joints.

Page 28: Illustrations of Synovial Joint Classes (Visual)

Page 29: Classes of Synovial Joints - Type Details

Ball-and-Socket Joints

• Definition: A smooth, hemispherical head that fits into a cup-like socket.

Examples

• Shoulder and hip joints.

Page 30: Classes of Synovial Joints - Type Details Continued

Condylar Joints

• Definition: An oval convex surface fits into a corresponding depression.

Examples

• Radiocarpal joint and metacarpophalangeal joints.

Page 31: Classes of Synovial Joints - Type Details Continued

Hinge Joints

• Definition: A convex surface fitting into a concave depression.

Examples

• Elbow and knee joints.

• Pivot Joints: A type where a bone spins around its axis.

Examples

• Atlantoaxial joint and radioulnar joint.

Page 32: Flexion and Extension

Key Concepts

• Flexion: Decreasing the joint angle.

• Extension: Increasing it.

• Hyperextension: Extending beyond the zero position.

• Commonly seen in hinge joints.

Page 33: Flexion and Extension - Visual Examples

Page 34: Abduction and Adduction

Definitions

• Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.

• Adduction: Movement towards the midline.

• Hyperabduction: Abnormal arm elevation above the head.

Page 35: Elevation and Depression

Definitions

• Elevation: Raising a part of the body.

• Depression: Lowering a part of the body back to its original position.

Page 36: Protraction and Retraction

Definitions

• Protraction: Moving a body part forward (anteriorly).

• Retraction: Moving a body part backward (posteriorly).

Page 37: Circumduction

Definition

• Circumduction: A motion where one end of a limb remains stationary while the other traces a circular path.

Example

• The movement made when painting a circle.

Page 38: Rotation

Definitions

• Rotation: The spinning of a bone about its longitudinal axis.

  • Medial Rotation: Turning inwards.

  • Lateral Rotation: Turning outwards.

Page 39: Supination and Pronation - Part 1

Definitions

• Supination: The forearm rotates with the palm facing upwards.

Page 40: Supination and Pronation - Part 2

Definition

• Pronation: The forearm rotates with the palm facing downwards or backwards; the radius crosses over the ulna.

Page 41: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk - Part 1

Definitions and Movements

• Flexion: Bending forward.

• Extension: Straightening.

• Hyperextension: Bending backward.

• Lateral Flexion: Tilting the head or trunk side to side.

Page 42: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk - Part 2

Rotation

• Twisting: The body turning to the sides—right or left.

Page 43: Special Movements of the Mandible

Key Movements

• Movements involved in biting and chewing:

  • Protraction, retraction, elevation, depression.

• Lateral/Medial Excursion: Side-to-side movements returning to the center.

Page 44: Illustrations of Mandible Movements (Visual)

Page 45: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits - Part 1

Definitions

• Flexion/Extension: Forward or backward movement of the hand.

• Radial Flexion: Tilting the hand towards the thumb.

• Ulnar Flexion: Tilting the hand towards the little finger.

Page 46: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits - Part 2

Movements

• Flexion: Curling the fingers.

• Extension: Straightening the fingers.

• Abduction: Spreading the fingers.

• Adduction: Bringing the fingers together.

Page 47: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits - Part 3

Thumb Movements

• Radial Abduction: The thumb moves within the plane of the hand.

• Palmar Abduction: The thumb moves away from the plane of the hand.

• Opposition: The thumb touches the other fingers.

• Reposition: Returning the thumb to its neutral position.

Page 48: Special Movements of the Foot - Part 1

Key Movements

• Dorsiflexion: Elevating the toes while walking.

• Plantar Flexion: Pointing the toes downwards.

• Inversion/Eversion: Tilting the soles medially/laterally.

Page 49: Special Movements of the Foot - Part 2

Pronation and Supination of the Foot

• Pronation: A combined motion of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction.

• Supination: A combined motion of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction.

Page 50: End of Main Content

Page 51: Accessibility Content

• Text Alternatives for Images

Page 52: Fibrous Joints - Text Alternative

Description

• Part A: Structure of sutures.

• Part B: Cross-section of a tooth.

• Part C: Syndesmosis connecting tibial and fibular bones.

Page 53: Sutures - Text Alternative

Types of Sutures

• Serrate: Interlocking bones with a wavy shape.

• Lap/Squamose: Overlapping beveled edges.

• Plane/Butt: Straight edges without overlap.

Page 54: Fibrous Joints - Continued Text Alternative

Description

• Continuation of structures and relationships in fibrous joints.

Page 55: Fibrous Joints - Continued Text Alternative

Description

• Further details on structures and interactions in fibrous joints.

Page 56: Cartilaginous Joints - Text Alternative

Synchondrosis

• Connection between rib, sternum, and clavicle with costal cartilage.

Symphysis

• Linkage between pubic bones via interpubic disc.

Page 57: Cartilaginous Joints - Continued Text Alternative

Description

• In-depth details on junctions and their functions.

Page 58: Structure of a Simple Synovial Joint - Text Alternative

Components

• Joint cavity, periosteum, joint capsule, articular cartilage.

Page 59: Tendon Sheaths and Bursae in the Hand and Wrist - Text Alternative

Structures

• Important pathologies related to tendon functions are illustrated.

Page 60: Basic Components of a Lever - Text Alternative

Lever Anatomy

• Explanation of resistance, effort, and fulcrum positions.

Page 61: Mechanical Advantage (MA) 1 - Text Alternative

Description

• Variations in fulcrum positioning and mechanical advantage.

Page 62: Mechanical Advantage (MA) 2 - Text Alternative

Overview

• Calculating mechanical advantage through lever lengths.

Page 63: First-Class Lever - Text Alternative

Example

• Illustration of lever structure and the anatomy of the skull with a see-saw analogy.

Page 64: Second-Class Lever - Text Alternative

Example

• An example of a lever represented through a physical activity.

Page 65: Third-Class Lever - Text Alternative

Example

• Rowing and elbow anatomy illustrated.

Page 66: Axes of Joint Rotation - Text Alternative

Visuals

• Illustrated abduction, flexion, and internal rotation.

Page 67: The Six Types of Synovial Joints - Text Alternative

Categories

• Joint types explained through anatomical regions.

Page 68: Flexion and Extension 1 - Text Alternative

Movement Examples

• Detailed explanation of flexion and extension processes.

Page 69: Flexion and Extension 2 - Text Alternative

Visual Examples

• Illustrations showcasing bending movements.

Page 70: Abduction and Adduction - Text Alternative

Description

• Explication of midline movements.

Page 71: Elevation and Depression - Text Alternative

Movement Examples

• Demonstrates raising and lowering actions.

Page 72: Protraction and Retraction - Text Alternative

Definitions and Examples

• Forward and backward movements articulated.

Page 73: Rotation - Text Alternative

Internal and External Rotation

• Illustrated movements in various positions.

Page 74: Supination and Pronation 1 - Text Alternative

Forearm Positioning

• Description of the anatomical position of supination.

Page 75: Supination and Pronation 2 - Text Alternative

Forearm Twists

• Visual representation of pronation.

Page 76: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk 1 - Text Alternative

Movements Illustrated

• Various upper body movements detailed.

Page 77: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk 2 - Text Alternative

Rotary Movements

• Descriptions of common head and trunk actions.

Page 78: Movements of the Mandible - Text Alternative

Jaw Movements

• Illustrations depict jaw articulation and side movement.

Page 79: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits 1 - Text Alternative

Hand Movements Explained

• Anatomical descriptions of hand positions.

Page 80: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits 2 - Text Alternative

Visuals

• Displays finger flexion and extension clearly.

Page 81: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits 3 - Text Alternative

Thumb Movements

• Different thumb actions depicted.

Page 82: Special Movements of the Foot 1 - Text Alternative

Foot Movements

• Visualizing dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion.

Page 83: The Temporomandibular (Jaw) Joint (TMJ) - Text Alternative

Joint Anatomy

• Description of components and ligaments related to the TMJ.

Page 84: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 1 - Text Alternative

Joint Dissection

• Anatomical relationships around the shoulder joint delineated.

Page 85: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 2 - Text Alternative

Joint Structures

• Details on ligaments, tendons, and muscles surrounding the shoulder.

Page 86: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 3 - Text Alternative

Frontal Section View

• In-depth explanation of anatomy and significant relations.

Page 87: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 4 - Text Alternative

Lateral View Explained

• Anatomical landmarks of the shoulder joint illustrated.

Page 88: The Elbow Joint 3 - Text Alternative

Elbow Anatomy

• Detailed components of the elbow joint.

Page 89: The Elbow Joint 4 - Text Alternative

Sagittal Section View

• Comprehensive descriptions of elbow anatomy.

Page 90: The Elbow Joint 5 - Text Alternative

Medial View Overview

• Tendons and ligaments in elbow anatomy discussed.

Page 91: The Elbow Joint 6 - Text Alternative

Lateral View Overview

• Surrounding structures of the elbow explained.

Page 92: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 1 - Text Alternative

Hip Joint Dissection

• Acetabulum and related anatomical details.

Page 93: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 2 - Text Alternative

Lateral View Descriptions

• Component details regarding the hip joint.

Page 94: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 3 - Text Alternative

Anterior Connection Depicted

• Ligament details involved in hip anatomy highlighted.

Page 95: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 4 - Text Alternative

Posterior View Description

• Anatomical details regarding surrounding ligaments.

Page 96: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 1 - Text Alternative

Knee Overview

• Details of components and their functional roles within the knee joint.

Page 97: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 2 - Text Alternative

Posterior View Descriptions

• Comprehensive view of knee components and their functions.

Page 98: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 3 - Text Alternative

Sagittal Section Insights

• Structures visible in a knee cross-section illustrated.

Page 99: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 4 - Text Alternative

Superior View Information

• Joint and anatomical relationships clearly depicted.

Page 100: The Right Knee, Anterior Dissection - Text Alternative

Joint Anatomy Details

• Labeled structures with physiological functions in articulating movements.

Page 101: Knee Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery 1 - Text Alternative

Common Injuries

• Illustrating typical knee injuries explained.

Page 102: The Talocrural (Ankle) Joint and Ligaments of the Right Foot 1 - Text Alternative

Ankle Anatomy

• Important structural components surrounding the ankle joint.

Page 103: The Talocrural (Ankle) Joint and Ligaments of the Right Foot 2 - Text Alternative

Ligament Mapping

• Connections between major ankle bones describing ligament functions.

Page 104: The Talocrural (Ankle) Joint and Ligaments of the Right Foot 3 - Text Alternative

Medial View Description

• Functions of ligaments around the ankle joint detailed.

Page 105: Variation in Anatomy of the Kidneys and the Major Arteries Near the Heart - Text Alternative

Posterior View Annotations

• Key ligament structures surrounding the ankle.

Page 106: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Text Alternative

Joint Deformities

• Depicts impact on the finger bones through visual support.

Page 107: Joint Prostheses - Text Alternative

Replacement Overview

• Visual aids regarding knee and limb joint prosthetics described.