Week 7 - Joints
Page 1: Introduction
Title: Chapter 09 Joints
Author: Kenneth S. Saladin
Edition: Tenth Edition
Publisher: McGraw-Hill LLC
Page 2: Joints and Their Classification
Expected Learning Outcomes
Understand the definition of joints and their functions.
Name and describe the four major categories of joints:
Bony
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Identify and describe the three types of fibrous joints along with examples:
Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
Distinguish the types of sutures.
Explain the two types of cartilaginous joints with examples:
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Understand how aging affects the classification of joints.
Page 3: Overview of Joints
Key Concepts
Definition of Joints: Locations where two bones connect, irrespective of their mobility.
Joint Classifications:
Bony Joints
Fibrous Joints
Cartilaginous Joints
Synovial Joints
Page 4: Bony Joints
Definition
Bony Joints (Synostosis): Fixed joints that occur when the space between two bones ossifies into a single bone.
Examples
Fusion of the frontal and mandibular bones in infants.
Fusion of ilium, ischium, and pubis forming the hip bone in adults.
The joint between the first rib and sternum becoming one as one ages.
Parietal bones fusing along the sagittal suture over time.
This can happen in both fibrous and cartilaginous joints.
Page 5: Fibrous Joints
Definition
Fibrous Joints (Synarthrosis): Joints where adjacent bones are held together by collagen fibers.
Types
Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses
Page 6: Types of Fibrous Joints (Visual)
Illustration and Structures
(a) Suture: A type of fibrous connective tissue.
(b) Gomphosis: The joint between a tooth and its socket.
(c) Syndesmosis: A joint maintained by long collagen fibers.
Page 7: Sutures
Description
These are immobile or slightly mobile fibrous joints that connect skull bones using short collagen fibers.
Page 8: Gomphoses
Definition
Gomphosis: A joint that connects a tooth to its socket through the periodontal ligament.
Functionality
This joint allows for slight movement during chewing, secured by collagen fibers.
Page 9: Illustrations of Fibrous Joints (Visual)
Page 10: Syndesmoses
Definition
Syndesmosis: Joints that are linked by long collagen fibers, which allow movement.
Examples
Highly mobile syndesmosis: Interosseous membrane (between radius and ulna).
Less mobile syndesmosis: Joint between the tibia and fibula.
Page 11: Illustrations of Fibrous Joints (Visual)
Page 12: Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Cartilaginous Joint (Amphiarthrosis): Joints where two bones are bound together by cartilage.
Types
Synchondroses
Symphyses
Page 13: Synchondroses
Description
Synchondrosis: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage.
Examples
Temporary joint during growth between the epiphysis and diaphysis in children.
The attachment of the first rib to the sternum.
Page 14: Illustrations of Cartilaginous Joints (Visual)
Page 15: Symphyses
Definition
Symphysis: A joint linking two bones through fibrocartilage.
Examples
Pubic Symphysis: Connects the left and right pubic bones.
The intervertebral discs connecting the vertebral bodies can provide slight movements collectively.
Page 16: Illustrations of Cartilaginous Joints (Visual)
Page 17: Synovial Joints
Expected Learning Outcomes
Identify fundamental anatomical elements of synovial joints.
Classify joint actions using lever classifications.
Discuss factors affecting joint range of motion.
Name and describe six types of synovial joints.
Page 18: Definition of Synovial Joints
Characteristics
Synovial Joint (Diarthrosis): Freely movable joints featuring a joint cavity.
This type is the most structurally intricate and commonly developed, vital for therapists and athletes.
Page 19: General Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Part 1
Structure
Articular Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones, typically 2-3 mm thick.
Joint Cavity: The space situated between articular surfaces.
Synovial Fluid: A lubricant that nourishes cartilage, resembling raw egg whites.
Page 20: General Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Part 2
Continued Structure
Joint Capsule: Encloses the joint cavity.
Outer Fibrous Capsule: Continuous with the periosteum of bones.
Inner Synovial Membrane: Responsible for secreting synovial fluid.
Sensory receptors found in capsules and ligaments monitor movement.
Page 21: Illustrations of Synovial Joint Structures (Visual)
Page 22: General Anatomy of Synovial Joints - Part 3
Additional Structures
Articular Disc: Pads present in certain joints (e.g., TMJ, sternoclavicular joints).
Meniscus: Crescent-shaped pads found in joints like the knee, assisting in movement and fit.
Page 23: Accessory Structures Associated with Synovial Joints
Components
Tendon: Attaches muscle to bone.
Ligament: Connects bone to bone.
Bursa: A synovial fluid-filled sac that cushions and facilitates tendon movement.
Tendon Sheath: An elongated bursa encasing tendons.
Page 24: Illustrations of Tendon Sheaths and Bursae (Visual)
Page 25: Axes of Rotation
Key Concept
Joints maintain stationary axes of rotation; for instance, the shoulder joint has three axes allowing multiple movements (multiaxial).
Page 26: Illustrations of Joint Rotation Types (Visual)
Page 27: Classes of Synovial Joints - Overview
Types
Six Major Classes: Classified based on the shape of articular surfaces and their degrees of freedom.
Multiaxial: Ball-and-socket joints.
Biaxial: Condylar, saddle, and plane joints.
Monoaxial: Hinge and pivot joints.
Page 28: Illustrations of Synovial Joint Classes (Visual)
Page 29: Classes of Synovial Joints - Type Details
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Definition: A smooth, hemispherical head that fits into a cup-like socket.
Examples
Shoulder and hip joints.
Page 30: Classes of Synovial Joints - Type Details Continued
Condylar Joints
Definition: An oval convex surface fits into a corresponding depression.
Examples
Radiocarpal joint and metacarpophalangeal joints.
Page 31: Classes of Synovial Joints - Type Details Continued
Hinge Joints
Definition: A convex surface fitting into a concave depression.
Examples
Elbow and knee joints.
Pivot Joints: A type where a bone spins around its axis.
Examples
Atlantoaxial joint and radioulnar joint.
Page 32: Flexion and Extension
Key Concepts
Flexion: Decreasing the joint angle.
Extension: Increasing it.
Hyperextension: Extending beyond the zero position.
Commonly seen in hinge joints.
Page 33: Flexion and Extension - Visual Examples
Page 34: Abduction and Adduction
Definitions
Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction: Movement towards the midline.
Hyperabduction: Abnormal arm elevation above the head.
Page 35: Elevation and Depression
Definitions
Elevation: Raising a part of the body.
Depression: Lowering a part of the body back to its original position.
Page 36: Protraction and Retraction
Definitions
Protraction: Moving a body part forward (anteriorly).
Retraction: Moving a body part backward (posteriorly).
Page 37: Circumduction
Definition
Circumduction: A motion where one end of a limb remains stationary while the other traces a circular path.
Example
The movement made when painting a circle.
Page 38: Rotation
Definitions
Rotation: The spinning of a bone about its longitudinal axis.
Medial Rotation: Turning inwards.
Lateral Rotation: Turning outwards.
Page 39: Supination and Pronation - Part 1
Definitions
Supination: The forearm rotates with the palm facing upwards.
Page 40: Supination and Pronation - Part 2
Definition
Pronation: The forearm rotates with the palm facing downwards or backwards; the radius crosses over the ulna.
Page 41: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk - Part 1
Definitions and Movements
Flexion: Bending forward.
Extension: Straightening.
Hyperextension: Bending backward.
Lateral Flexion: Tilting the head or trunk side to side.
Page 42: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk - Part 2
Rotation
Twisting: The body turning to the sides—right or left.
Page 43: Special Movements of the Mandible
Key Movements
Movements involved in biting and chewing:
Protraction, retraction, elevation, depression.
Lateral/Medial Excursion: Side-to-side movements returning to the center.
Page 44: Illustrations of Mandible Movements (Visual)
Page 45: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits - Part 1
Definitions
Flexion/Extension: Forward or backward movement of the hand.
Radial Flexion: Tilting the hand towards the thumb.
Ulnar Flexion: Tilting the hand towards the little finger.
Page 46: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits - Part 2
Movements
Flexion: Curling the fingers.
Extension: Straightening the fingers.
Abduction: Spreading the fingers.
Adduction: Bringing the fingers together.
Page 47: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits - Part 3
Thumb Movements
Radial Abduction: The thumb moves within the plane of the hand.
Palmar Abduction: The thumb moves away from the plane of the hand.
Opposition: The thumb touches the other fingers.
Reposition: Returning the thumb to its neutral position.
Page 48: Special Movements of the Foot - Part 1
Key Movements
Dorsiflexion: Elevating the toes while walking.
Plantar Flexion: Pointing the toes downwards.
Inversion/Eversion: Tilting the soles medially/laterally.
Page 49: Special Movements of the Foot - Part 2
Pronation and Supination of the Foot
Pronation: A combined motion of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction.
Supination: A combined motion of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction.
Page 50: End of Main Content
Page 51: Accessibility Content
Text Alternatives for Images
Page 52: Fibrous Joints - Text Alternative
Description
Part A: Structure of sutures.
Part B: Cross-section of a tooth.
Part C: Syndesmosis connecting tibial and fibular bones.
Page 53: Sutures - Text Alternative
Types of Sutures
Serrate: Interlocking bones with a wavy shape.
Lap/Squamose: Overlapping beveled edges.
Plane/Butt: Straight edges without overlap.
Page 54: Fibrous Joints - Continued Text Alternative
Description
Continuation of structures and relationships in fibrous joints.
Page 55: Fibrous Joints - Continued Text Alternative
Description
Further details on structures and interactions in fibrous joints.
Page 56: Cartilaginous Joints - Text Alternative
Synchondrosis
Connection between rib, sternum, and clavicle with costal cartilage.
Symphysis
Linkage between pubic bones via interpubic disc.
Page 57: Cartilaginous Joints - Continued Text Alternative
Description
In-depth details on junctions and their functions.
Page 58: Structure of a Simple Synovial Joint - Text Alternative
Components
Joint cavity, periosteum, joint capsule, articular cartilage.
Page 59: Tendon Sheaths and Bursae in the Hand and Wrist - Text Alternative
Structures
Important pathologies related to tendon functions are illustrated.
Page 60: Basic Components of a Lever - Text Alternative
Lever Anatomy
Explanation of resistance, effort, and fulcrum positions.
Page 61: Mechanical Advantage (MA) 1 - Text Alternative
Description
Variations in fulcrum positioning and mechanical advantage.
Page 62: Mechanical Advantage (MA) 2 - Text Alternative
Overview
Calculating mechanical advantage through lever lengths.
Page 63: First-Class Lever - Text Alternative
Example
Illustration of lever structure and the anatomy of the skull with a see-saw analogy.
Page 64: Second-Class Lever - Text Alternative
Example
An example of a lever represented through a physical activity.
Page 65: Third-Class Lever - Text Alternative
Example
Rowing and elbow anatomy illustrated.
Page 66: Axes of Joint Rotation - Text Alternative
Visuals
Illustrated abduction, flexion, and internal rotation.
Page 67: The Six Types of Synovial Joints - Text Alternative
Categories
Joint types explained through anatomical regions.
Page 68: Flexion and Extension 1 - Text Alternative
Movement Examples
Detailed explanation of flexion and extension processes.
Page 69: Flexion and Extension 2 - Text Alternative
Visual Examples
Illustrations showcasing bending movements.
Page 70: Abduction and Adduction - Text Alternative
Description
Explication of midline movements.
Page 71: Elevation and Depression - Text Alternative
Movement Examples
Demonstrates raising and lowering actions.
Page 72: Protraction and Retraction - Text Alternative
Definitions and Examples
Forward and backward movements articulated.
Page 73: Rotation - Text Alternative
Internal and External Rotation
Illustrated movements in various positions.
Page 74: Supination and Pronation 1 - Text Alternative
Forearm Positioning
Description of the anatomical position of supination.
Page 75: Supination and Pronation 2 - Text Alternative
Forearm Twists
Visual representation of pronation.
Page 76: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk 1 - Text Alternative
Movements Illustrated
Various upper body movements detailed.
Page 77: Special Movements of the Head and Trunk 2 - Text Alternative
Rotary Movements
Descriptions of common head and trunk actions.
Page 78: Movements of the Mandible - Text Alternative
Jaw Movements
Illustrations depict jaw articulation and side movement.
Page 79: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits 1 - Text Alternative
Hand Movements Explained
Anatomical descriptions of hand positions.
Page 80: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits 2 - Text Alternative
Visuals
Displays finger flexion and extension clearly.
Page 81: Special Movements of the Hand and Digits 3 - Text Alternative
Thumb Movements
Different thumb actions depicted.
Page 82: Special Movements of the Foot 1 - Text Alternative
Foot Movements
Visualizing dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion.
Page 83: The Temporomandibular (Jaw) Joint (TMJ) - Text Alternative
Joint Anatomy
Description of components and ligaments related to the TMJ.
Page 84: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 1 - Text Alternative
Joint Dissection
Anatomical relationships around the shoulder joint delineated.
Page 85: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 2 - Text Alternative
Joint Structures
Details on ligaments, tendons, and muscles surrounding the shoulder.
Page 86: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 3 - Text Alternative
Frontal Section View
In-depth explanation of anatomy and significant relations.
Page 87: The Glenohumeral (Shoulder) Joint 4 - Text Alternative
Lateral View Explained
Anatomical landmarks of the shoulder joint illustrated.
Page 88: The Elbow Joint 3 - Text Alternative
Elbow Anatomy
Detailed components of the elbow joint.
Page 89: The Elbow Joint 4 - Text Alternative
Sagittal Section View
Comprehensive descriptions of elbow anatomy.
Page 90: The Elbow Joint 5 - Text Alternative
Medial View Overview
Tendons and ligaments in elbow anatomy discussed.
Page 91: The Elbow Joint 6 - Text Alternative
Lateral View Overview
Surrounding structures of the elbow explained.
Page 92: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 1 - Text Alternative
Hip Joint Dissection
Acetabulum and related anatomical details.
Page 93: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 2 - Text Alternative
Lateral View Descriptions
Component details regarding the hip joint.
Page 94: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 3 - Text Alternative
Anterior Connection Depicted
Ligament details involved in hip anatomy highlighted.
Page 95: The Coxal (Hip) Joint 4 - Text Alternative
Posterior View Description
Anatomical details regarding surrounding ligaments.
Page 96: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 1 - Text Alternative
Knee Overview
Details of components and their functional roles within the knee joint.
Page 97: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 2 - Text Alternative
Posterior View Descriptions
Comprehensive view of knee components and their functions.
Page 98: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 3 - Text Alternative
Sagittal Section Insights
Structures visible in a knee cross-section illustrated.
Page 99: The Right Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint 4 - Text Alternative
Superior View Information
Joint and anatomical relationships clearly depicted.
Page 100: The Right Knee, Anterior Dissection - Text Alternative
Joint Anatomy Details
Labeled structures with physiological functions in articulating movements.
Page 101: Knee Injuries and Arthroscopic Surgery 1 - Text Alternative
Common Injuries
Illustrating typical knee injuries explained.
Page 102: The Talocrural (Ankle) Joint and Ligaments of the Right Foot 1 - Text Alternative
Ankle Anatomy
Important structural components surrounding the ankle joint.
Page 103: The Talocrural (Ankle) Joint and Ligaments of the Right Foot 2 - Text Alternative
Ligament Mapping
Connections between major ankle bones describing ligament functions.
Page 104: The Talocrural (Ankle) Joint and Ligaments of the Right Foot 3 - Text Alternative
Medial View Description
Functions of ligaments around the ankle joint detailed.
Page 105: Variation in Anatomy of the Kidneys and the Major Arteries Near the Heart - Text Alternative
Posterior View Annotations
Key ligament structures surrounding the ankle.
Page 106: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Text Alternative
Joint Deformities
Depicts impact on the finger bones through visual support.
Page 107: Joint Prostheses - Text Alternative
Replacement Overview
Visual aids regarding knee and limb joint prosthetics described.