Exhaustive Academic Notes: Cengage Learning Glossary Units 1-12

Unit 1: Your World

1.1 Railway

Term: railway (n) /ˈreɪlweɪ/
Definition: the system of tracks that trains travel on.
Example: The children were playing with the trains on their model railway.
Derivations: railway (adj).
French Translation: chemin de fer.

Unit 1: Reading Pages 6–7

1.2 celebration (n)

Phonetics: /ˌselɪˈbræʃn/
Definition: an event in which people do sth special to show that sth is important.
Example: The whole family got together for the New Year celebration.
Derivations: celebrate (v).
French Translation: célébration.

1.3 danger (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ deɪndʒə(r)/
Definition: sth that might cause harm or damage.
Example: Elephants are in danger of becoming extinct.
Derivations: endanger (v), dangerous (adj).
French Translation: danger.

1.4 happiness (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ hæpinəs/
Definition: the state of feeling happy.
Example: A look of happiness was on the child’s face as she opened her birthday present.
Derivations: happy (adj), happily (adv).
French Translation: bonheur.
Opposite: unhappiness.

1.5 power (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ paʊə(r)/
Definition: energy; strength.
Example: The power of the sun can be used to create electricity.
Derivations: empower, power (v), powerful (adj), powerfully (adv).
French Translation: puissance.

1.6 sadness (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ sædnəs/
Definition: the state of feeling sad.
Example: Anna felt great sadness as she flew home after her wonderful holiday.
Derivations: sad (adj), sadly (adv), sadden (v).
French Translation: tristesse.

1.7 lavender (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ lævəndə/
Definition: a plant with small purple flowers that smell nice.
Example: She uses lavender from the garden to keep the clothes in her wardrobe smelling nice.
French Translation: lavande.

1.8 pure (adj)

Phonetics: /pjʊə(r)/
Definition: with nothing extra added.
Example: This scarf is made from pure wool.
Derivations: purity (n).
French Translation: pur(e).

1.9 contrast (v)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɒntrɑːst/
Definition: to have a clear difference from sth else.
Example: Living in our quiet village contrasts with life in the centre of London.
Derivations: contrast (n).
French Translation: contraster.

1.10 frame (n)

Phonetics: /freɪm/
Definition: a strong structure that goes around sth, e.g. a door, window, picture, to hold it in position.
Example: The house has old wooden window frames which need painting.
Derivations: frame (v).
French Translation: cadre, encadrement.

1.11 display (n)

Phonetics: /dɪˈ spleɪ/
Definition: a show of sth happening.
Example: We sat on the balcony and watched the fireworks display in the distance.
Derivations: display (v).
French Translation: spectacle.

1.12 aurora borealis (n)

Phonetics: /əˌrɔːrə ˌbɔːriˈ eɪlɪs/
Definition: coloured light that appears sometimes in the sky in the most northern countries.
Example: On our visit to northern Scotland, we stayed awake all night to watch the colourful aurora borealis in the sky.
Synonym: the Northern Lights.
French Translation: aurore boréale.

1.13 impact (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ ɪmpækt/
Definition: a strong effect or reaction.
Example: Not eating properly when you are young can have an impact on your health when you get older.
French Translation: impact, incidence.

1.14 remind (v)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ maɪnd/
Definition: to cause you to remember sth you had forgotten.
Example: This painting reminds me of my grandparents’ house.
Derivations: reminder (n).
French Translation: rappeler.

1.15 cultural (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ kʌltʃərəl/
Definition: relating to the culture of one country, group, etc.
Example: Since tourism has increased on the island, there have been cultural changes in the local lifestyle.
Derivations: culture (n), culturally (adv).
French Translation: culturel(le).

1.16 background (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ bækɡraʊnd/
Definition: a person’s family and past experience of education, work, and living conditions.
Example: The writer came from a poor background, but managed to become successful.
French Translation: contexte.

1.17 look (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ lʊk/
Definition: an act of looking at sb/sth in order to find sth out.
Example: Have another good look at your homework before you hand it in.
French Translation: observation.

1.18 primary colour (n)

Phonetics: /ˌ praɪməri ˈ kʌlə(r)/
Definition: one of the three main colours: red, blue or yellow.
Example: When you mix the primary colours, blue and yellow, you get green.
French Translation: couleur primaire.

1.19 sunshine (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ sʌnʃaɪn/
Definition: the heat and light from the sun.
Example: These plants will grow better if they get more sunshine.
French Translation: (rayons du) soleil.

1.20 eye-catching (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ aɪ kætʃɪŋ/
Definition: which can attract attention because it looks bright, special or different in some way.
Example: He wore an eye-catching bright green shirt.
French Translation: attrayant(e), accrocheur/accrocheuse.

1.21 energetic (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ enəˈ dʒetɪk/
Definition: lively and with a lot of energy.
Example: I’m not going to the gym today as I don’t feel very energetic.
Derivations: energy (n), energetically (adv).
French Translation: énergique.

1.22 enthusiastic (adj)

Phonetics: /ɪnˌ θjuːziˈ æstɪk/
Definition: excited and very interested about sth.
Example: She was really enthusiastic about her trip to Peru.
Derivations: enthusiasm (n), enthusiastically (adv).
French Translation: enthousiaste.

1.23 sunflower (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ sʌnflaʊə(r)/
Definition: a tall plant with yellow flowers whose seeds can be eaten or made into oil for cooking.
Example: I love this painting of bright yellow sunflowers growing in a field.
French Translation: tournesol.

1.24 beauty (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ bjuːti/
Definition: the quality of being beautiful.
Example: His painting showed the beauty of the countryside.
Derivations: beautiful (adj).
French Translation: beauté.

1.25 caution (v)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɔːʃn/
Definition: to tell someone about a danger or problem that they need to avoid.
Example: The police put up signs to caution drivers about the floods.
Derivations: caution (n).
French Translation: avertir.

1.26 warn (v)

Phonetics: /wɔːn/
Definition: to tell someone about a danger or problem that they need to avoid.
Example: Her parents warned her not to walk home alone at night.
Derivations: warning (n).
French Translation: prévenir.

1.27 on board (expr)

Phonetics: /ɒn bɔːd/
Definition: in or on a vehicle, e.g. ship, train, plane.
Example: The pilot waited on board the plane to welcome the passengers.
Synonym: aboard.
French Translation: à bord.

1.28 calm (adj)

Phonetics: /kɑːm/
Definition: not in a panic; not very excited.
Example: ‘Please don’t panic and keep calm,’ said the flight attendant to the passengers.
French Translation: calme.

1.29 represent (v)

Phonetics: /reprɪˈ zent/
Definition: to symbolise.
Example: Red represents anger in some cultures.
Derivations: representation (n).
French Translation: représenter.

1.30 confidence (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɒnfɪdəns/
Definition: a belief in your ability to do sth successfully.
Example: To be a successful athlete, you must have confidence in your abilities.
Derivations: confident (adj), confidently (adv).
French Translation: confiance.

1.31 seriousness (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ sɪəriəsnəs/
Definition: the state of being serious.
Example: The news report showed the seriousness of the terrible storm.
Derivations: serious (adj), seriously (adv).
French Translation: sérieux.

1.32 suggest (v)

Phonetics: /səˈ dʒest/
Definition: to give sb an idea indirectly.
Example: Wearing dark colours can suggest the idea of sadness.
Derivations: suggestion (n).
French Translation: suggérer.

1.33 trust (v)

Phonetics: /trʌst/
Definition: to believe that sb is good, honest, capable, etc.
Example: Of course I trust Julie. She’s my best friend.
Derivations: trust (n), trustworthy, trusting (adj).
French Translation: faire confiance.

1.34 stranger (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ streɪndʒə(r)/
Definition: sb that you do not know.
Example: My dad always told me not to accept anything from strangers.
Derivations: strange (adj), strangely (adv).
French Translation: étranger, étrangère.

1.35 feel blue (expr)

Phonetics: /fiːl bluː/
Definition: to feel sad.
Example: It had been raining all day, which made him feel blue as he couldn’t go out.
French Translation: avoir le cafard.

1.36 depressed (adj)

Phonetics: /dɪˈ prest/
Definition: very unhappy.
Example: I felt depressed after the film because it had a sad ending.
Derivations: depress (v), depression (n), depressing (adj).
French Translation: déprimé(e).

1.37 reduce (v)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ djuːs/
Definition: to make less or smaller.
Example: I am trying to reduce the amount of sugar I eat every day.
Derivations: reduction (n).
French Translation: diminuer.

1.38 hunger (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ hʌŋɡə(r)/
Definition: the feeling that you need to eat.
Example: He ate some fruit to stop the feeling of hunger on his journey.
Derivations: hungry (adj), hungrily (adv).
French Translation: faim.

1.39 rarely (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ reəli/
Definition: not often, seldom.
Example: We rarely go to restaurants because they can be expensive.
Derivations: rare (adj).
French Translation: rarement.

1.40 loss (n)

Phonetics: /lɒs/
Definition: no longer having sth.
Example: Renata was sad at the loss of her new mobile phone.
Derivations: lose (v), lost (adj).
French Translation: perte.

1.41 advise (v)

Phonetics: /ədˈ vaɪz/
Definition: to tell sb what might be the best thing to do.
Example: The doctor advised me to eat more fresh fruit.
Derivations: advice (n).
French Translation: conseiller.

1.42 trick (v)

Phonetics: /trɪk/
Definition: to make sb believe sth that is not true, usually to make them do sth.
Example: The salesperson tricked Tim into buying the old car by saying it was in perfect condition.
Derivations: trick (n).
French Translation: piéger.

1.43 nervous (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ nɜːvəs/
Definition: anxious about sth.
Example: He’s nervous about giving a speech in front of the class.
Derivations: nervously (adv), nervousness, nerve (n).
French Translation: nerveux, nerveuse.

1.44 aggressive (adj)

Phonetics: /əˈ gresɪv/
Definition: angry and ready to attack.
Example: This dog is aggressive, so don’t go near it or it might hurt you.
Derivations: aggression (n).
French Translation: agressif, agressive.

1.45 flag (n)

Phonetics: /flæɡ/
Definition: a piece of cloth that has a specific pattern and colours to represent a country or as a signal.
Example: The ship had a blue and white flag to show that it was Greek.
French Translation: drapeau.

1.46 immediately (adv)

Phonetics: /ɪˈ miːdiətli/
Definition: straight away, without waiting.
Example: When she saw the accident, she immediately called the police.
Derivations: immediate (adj).
French Translation: immédiatement.

1.47 possibility (n)

Phonetics: /ˌ pɒsəˈ bɪləti/
Definition: a chance that sth might happen.
Example: There’s a possibility of rain tonight, but it’s not for sure.
Derivations: possible (adj), possibly (adv).
French Translation: possibilité.

1.48 aware (adj)

Phonetics: /əˈ weə(r)/
Definition: if you are aware of sth, you notice it or you know it exists.
Example: Are you aware of the fact that films can cost millions of dollars to make?
Derivations: awareness (n).
Opposite: unaware.
French Translation: conscient(e).

1.49 appear (v)

Phonetics: /əˈ pɪə(r)/
Definition: to seem.
Example: From the sound of her voice, she appeared to be worried.
Derivations: appearance (n).
Opposite: disappear.
French Translation: sembler.

1.50 wealth (n)

Phonetics: /welθ/
Definition: riches.
Example: The woman used her wealth to make the world a better place.
Derivations: wealthy (adj).
French Translation: richesse.

1.51 famously (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ feɪməsli/
Definition: in a way that is well-known.
Example: They played a song which was famously sung by David Bowie.
Derivations: famous (adj).
French Translation: fameusement.

1.52 ahead (adv)

Phonetics: /əˈ hed/
Definition: into the future; in front.
Example: The snow was so heavy that he couldn’t see the road ahead.
French Translation: devant.

1.53 obvious (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ ɒbviəs/
Definition: clear to see or understand.
Example: It was obvious that we were going in the wrong direction, so we turned back.
Derivations: obviously (adv).
French Translation: évident(e).

1.54 avoid (v)

Phonetics: /əˈ vɔɪd/
Definition: to keep away from.
Example: They went to the city by metro to avoid the busy roads.
Derivations: avoidance (n).
French Translation: éviter.

1.55 alert (v)

Phonetics: /əˈ lɜːt/
Definition: to tell sb about a danger.
Example: The police stopped the cars to alert drivers to the danger of floods ahead.
Derivations: alert (adj), alertness (n).
French Translation: alerter.

1.56 congratulate (v)

Phonetics: /kənˈ ɡrætʃəleɪt/
Definition: to express happiness to sb for their success at sth.
Example: I congratulated Maria on passing her driving test.
Derivations: congratulations (n pl).
French Translation: féliciter.

1.57 affect (v)

Phonetics: /əˈ fekt/
Definition: to make sb/sth change in a particular way.
Example: His advice will not affect my decision.
French Translation: affecter.

1.58 effect (n)

Phonetics: /ɪˈ fekt/
Definition: a change sth has on sb/sth.
Example: Do you think some colours have an effect on your mood?
Derivations: effective (adj).
French Translation: effet.
Usage Note: Affect vs effect: Affect is a verb, while effect is a noun. The weather can affect people's feelings negatively. The effect of the weather on people's feelings is sometimes negative.

1.59 react (v)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ ækt/
Definition: to behave in a particular way because of sth that has happened.
Example: The tennis player reacted slowly and didn’t manage to hit the ball.
Derivations: reaction (n).
French Translation: réagir.

Unit 1: Vocabulary Page 8

1.60 care (n)

Phonetics: /keə(r)/
Definition: giving attention and looking after sb/sth.
Example: Parents should give their children love and care.
Derivations: care (v), caring, careful, careless (adj).
French Translation: attention.

1.61 caring (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ keərɪŋ/
Definition: full of love and affection.
Example: Susan is a caring person and likes babysitting the children.
Derivations: care (v, n).
French Translation: attentionné(e).

1.62 confident (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɒnfɪdənt/
Definition: feeling sure.
Example: She has a lot of experience and is confident that she can get the job.
Derivations: confidence (n).
French Translation: confiant(e).

1.63 embarrassed (adj)

Phonetics: /ɪmˈ bærəst/
Definition: feeling uncomfortable and worrying about what people think of you.
Example: He was so embarrassed when he spilt coffee on his boss’s laptop.
Derivations: embarrass (v), embarrassment (n), embarrassing (adj).
French Translation: embarrassé(e).

1.64 embarrassment (n)

Phonetics: /ɪmˈ bærəsmənt/
Definition: the feeling of being embarrassed.
Example: Emma’s face went red with embarrassment when her mum read her diary.
Derivations: embarrassed, embarrassing (adj), embarrass (v).
French Translation: embarras.

1.65 enthusiasm (n)

Phonetics: /ɪnˈ θjuːziæzəm/
Definition: a strong feeling of excitement and interest.
Example: There is a lot of enthusiasm for the project and many students want to take part.
Derivations: enthusiastic (adj), enthusiastically (adv).
French Translation: enthousiasme.

1.66 imagination (n)

Phonetics: /ɪˌ mædʒɪˈ neɪʃn/
Definition: the ability to think of new and exciting ideas which are not obvious.
Example: An artist needs to have a good imagination as well as talent.
Derivations: imagine (v), imaginative, imaginary (adj), imaginatively (adv).
French Translation: imagination.

1.67 imaginative (adj)

Phonetics: /ɪˈ mædʒɪnətɪv/
Definition: having new and exciting ideas.
Example: She is an imaginative author whose novels are brilliant.
Derivations: imaginatively (adv), imagine (v), imagination (n), imaginary (adj).
French Translation: imaginatif, imaginative.

1.68 loneliness (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ ləʊlinəs/
Definition: sadness because you are alone.
Example: He felt great loneliness on his first week at college when he knew nobody.
Derivations: lonely (adj).
French Translation: solitude.

1.69 lonely (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ ləʊnli/
Definition: feeling sad about being alone or not knowing people.
Example: Students might feel a bit lonely in their first weeks at university.
Derivations: loneliness (n).
French Translation: seul(e), esseulé(e).

1.70 pride (n)

Phonetics: /praɪd/
Definition: the feeling of being pleased at sb’s success.
Example: He felt a sense of pride at seeing his paintings in the exhibition.
Derivations: proud (adj), proudly (adv).
French Translation: fierté.

1.71 proud (adj)

Phonetics: /praʊd/
Definition: pleased with yourself or sb else.
Example: She felt proud of herself when she won the tennis tournament.
Derivations: pride (n), proudly (adv).
French Translation: fier, fière.

1.72 sense (n)

Phonetics: /sens/
Definition: the ability to make logical decisions.
Example: She had the sense to realise that it was too dangerous to continue driving in the fog.
French Translation: (bon) sens.

1.73 sensible (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ sensɪbl/
Definition: able to make good judgements.
Example: It isn’t sensible to go hiking in a snowstorm.
Derivations: sensibly (adv), sense (n).
Opposite: silly.
French Translation: raisonnable.

1.74 stress (n)

Phonetics: /stres/
Definition: the feeling of being so worried or tired that you cannot relax.
Example: The stress of looking for a job keeps him awake at night.
Derivations: stress (v), stressed, stressful (adj).
French Translation: stress.

1.75 stressed (adj)

Phonetics: /strest/
Definition: so worried or tired that you cannot relax.
Example: Most students get stressed before exams.
Derivations: stress (v, n), stressful (adj).
French Translation: stressé(e).

1.76 original (adj)

Phonetics: /əˈ rɪʤənl/
Definition: existing or happening first.
Example: The original owners of our house were a family who moved to Australia.
Derivations: originality (n).
French Translation: initial(e).

1.77 rude (adj)

Phonetics: /ruːd/
Definition: not polite; showing no respect.
Example: Shouting at your teacher was very rude. You should apologise to her.
Derivations: rudeness (n), rudely (adv).
Opposite: polite.
French Translation: grossier, grossière.

1.78 easy-going (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ iːzi-gəʊɪŋ/
Definition: not easily upset, annoyed or worried.
Example: John will do whatever we want to do; he’s very easy-going, you know.
French Translation: facile à vivre.

1.79 miserable (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ mɪzrəbl/
Definition: very unhappy.
Example: What’s wrong? You look so miserable.
Derivations: misery (n), miserably (adv).
French Translation: abattu(e).

1.80 close (adj)

Phonetics: /kləʊs/
Definition: when sb likes and gets on well with sb else.
Example: They’ve been close friends since they were very young and they share all their secrets.
French Translation: proche.

1.81 sibling (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ sɪblɪŋ/
Definition: a brother or sister.
Example: Barbara is the oldest of four children, so she helps look after her younger siblings.
French Translation: frère OU soeur.

1.82 relation (n)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ leɪʃn/
Definition: how two people feel and behave towards each other.
Example: My relations with my wife's family have got better since our son was born.
French Translation: relation.

1.83 distant (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ dɪstənt/
Definition: related, but not closely.
Example: I discovered that we have some distant family members in Canada. Their parents were my grandfather’s cousins.
Derivations: distance (n).
French Translation: éloigné(e).

1.84 stepbrother (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ stepbrʌðə(r)/
Definition: the son of your stepmother (= the new wife of your father) or your stepfather (= the new husband of your mother) from a previous marriage.
Example: After Mum and Dad’s divorce, Dad got married to Serena who already has two sons. So now I have two stepbrothers.
French Translation: demi-frère.

1.85 brother-in-law (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ brʌðər ɪn lɔː/
Definition: the brother of your husband or wife.
Example: Bob’s sister is married to Tom, so that’s his brother-in-law.
French Translation: beau-frère.

1.86 generous (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ dʒenərəs/
Definition: giving freely.
Example: Harry is very generous and pays his workers well.
Derivations: generously (adv), generosity (n).
Opposite: mean.
French Translation: généreux, généreuse.

1.87 mother-in-law (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ mʌðər ɪn lɔː/
Definition: the mother of your husband or wife.
Example: Dan gets on quite well with his mother-in-law and he respects the way she brought up his wife.
French Translation: belle-mère.

1.88 help out (phr v)

Phonetics: /help ˈ aʊt/
Definition: to help sb in a difficult situation.
Example: At the weekend, I help out at the local animal shelter.
French Translation: apporter son aide.

Summary List: Feelings (Nouns)

care
confidence
embarrassment
happiness
hunger
loneliness
loss
pride
sadness
sense
seriousness
stress
support
togetherness

Unit 1: Grammar Page 9

1.89 powder (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ paʊdə(r)/
Definition: a dust-like substance.
Example: Flour is a powder used in baking bread and cakes.
French Translation: poudre.

1.90 clue (n)

Phonetics: /kluː/
Definition: sth that helps you to solve a mystery.
Example: The detective who was investigating the disappearance of the old lady found a clue in her diary.
French Translation: indice.

1.91 lead (v)

Phonetics: /liːd/
Definition: to show the way (to a place).
Example: The narrow path led to the top of the hill.
French Translation: mener.

1.92 water level (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ wɔːtə levl/
Definition: the height that the surface of water reaches above the ground.
Example: As the rain flooded the streets, the water level rose to $1.5\,metres$ .
French Translation: niveau de l’eau.

1.93 rise (v)

Phonetics: /raɪz/
Definition: to become higher or greater in amount or number.
Example: The sun came up and the temperature rose to $30^{\circ}\text{C}$ .
Derivations: rise (n).
French Translation: augmenter.

1.94 plot (n)

Phonetics: /plɒt/
Definition: the events in the story of a book, film or play.
Example: The plot in this film is about a father looking for his lost daughter.
French Translation: trame.

1.95 commentary (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɒməntri/
Definition: a spoken description of an event while it is happening.
Example: We couldn’t go to the match, so we listened to the commentary of it on the radio.
Derivations: comment (n, v), commentator (n).
French Translation: commentaire.

1.96 continually (adv)

Phonetics: /kənˈ tɪnjuəli/
Definition: all the time; repeatedly.
Example: She couldn’t sleep because of her neighbours continually playing loud music at night.
Derivations: continue (v), continual (n).
French Translation: continuellement.

1.97 behaviour (n)

Phonetics: /bɪˈ heɪvjə(r)/
Definition: the way a person or animal does things.
Example: The biologist is studying the gorilla’s behaviour.
Derivations: behave (v).
French Translation: comportement.

1.98 right now (adv)

Phonetics: /raɪt naʊ/
Definition: exactly at this moment.
Example: I’m too busy to talk on the phone right now, so I’ll call you later.
French Translation: tout de suite.

1.99 public transport (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ pʌblɪk ˈ trænspɔːt/
Definition: all the ways for people to travel in a country/city that the government provides, e.g. bus, metro.
Example: It’s sensible to use public transport instead of cars, but the buses and metro are so crowded.
French Translation: transport public/transport en commun.

1.100 outgoing (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ aʊtˈ ɡəʊɪŋ/
Definition: sociable; open and friendly towards other people.
Example: My sister is more outgoing than I am; she loves leading group activities, but I’m quite shy.
French Translation: extraverti(e).

1.101 excuse me (expr)

Phonetics: /ɪkˈ skjuːz miː/
Definition: used to get sb’s attention to say sth.
Example: Excuse me, do you have this T-shirt in blue?
French Translation: excusez-moi.

Unit 1: Listening Page 10

1.102 jigsaw puzzle (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ dʒɪɡsɔː ˈ pʌzl/
Definition: a picture on thin cardboard that is cut into small shapes for you to put together.
Example: On rainy days, I enjoy playing board games with friends or doing a jigsaw puzzle alone.
French Translation: puzzle.

1.103 birth (n)

Phonetics: /bɜːθ/
Definition: the time when sb/sth is born; the act of being born.
Example: Shakespeare’s place of birth was a town called Stratford.
Note: Also: date of birth.
French Translation: naissance.

1.104 adventurous (adj)

Phonetics: /ədˈ ventʃərəs/
Definition: who enjoys trying new things or taking risks.
Example: George isn’t adventurous enough to go camping. He’s afraid of insects!
Derivations: adventure (n).
French Translation: aventureux, aventureuse.

1.105 expedition (n)

Phonetics: /ekspəˈ dɪʃn/
Definition: a long, carefully organised journey to a dangerous or unfamiliar place.
Example: They made preparations for their expedition to Antarctica.
French Translation: expédition.

1.106 develop (v)

Phonetics: /dɪˈ veləp/
Definition: improve.
Example: Our friendship has developed over the years and now we’re best friends.
Derivations: development (n), developed (adj).
French Translation: (se) développer.

1.107 society (n)

Phonetics: /səˈ saɪəty/
Definition: an organisation for people with the same interest.
Example: Our local dramatic society is putting on a play next week.
Synonym: club.
French Translation: société, organisation.

Unit 1: Speaking Page 11

1.108 be mad about (expr)

Phonetics: /biː mædˈ əˈ baʊt/
Definition: to like or enjoy very much.
Example: I don’t understand why my friends are mad about sushi. I hate it!
French Translation: être dingue de (raffoler).

1.109 fan (n)

Phonetics: /fæn/
Definition: sb who likes a particular activity, person or team.
Example: The fans cheered loudly when the band went on stage.
French Translation: fan, admirateur/ admiratrice.

1.110 retire (v)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ taɪə/
Definition: to stop working because you have reached a certain age.
Example: Grandpa retired at $65$ and he now relaxes at home.
Derivations: retirement (n).
French Translation: prendre sa retraite.

1.111 talkative (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ tɔːkətɪv/
Definition: sb who likes to talk a lot.
Example: Terry is tired, so he’s very quiet and not as talkative as usual today.
French Translation: bavard(e).

1.112 by heart (expr)

Phonetics: /baɪ hɑːt/
Definition: from memory.
Example: I learnt this poem by heart when I was in primary school.
French Translation: par cœur.

1.113 though (adv)

Phonetics: /ðəʊ/
Definition: however.
Example: I get on well with Mike. I haven’t known him long, though.
French Translation: toutefois.

1.114 range (n)

Phonetics: /reɪndʒ/
Definition: a number of different things of the same kind.
Example: The shop has a wide range of souvenirs to choose from.
French Translation: gamme.

1.115 pretty (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ prɪti/
Definition: quite.
Example: We were pretty tired after the long walk.
French Translation: relativement.

Unit 1: Grammar Page 12

1.116 high street (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ haɪ striːt/
Definition: the main street in a town, where most of the shops, businesses, etc. are.
Example: Have you been to that new restaurant on the high street?
French Translation: rue principale.

1.117 childhood (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ tʃaɪldhʊd/
Definition: the period of sb’s life when they are a child.
Example: He spent his childhood in the country, but when he was $16$ his family moved to London.
Derivations: child (n), childish (adj).
French Translation: enfance.

1.118 unattended (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ ʌnəˈ tendɪd/
Definition: an object left somewhere without being supervised.
Example: There are signs everywhere at the airport warning you not to leave your bags unattended.
French Translation: abandonné(e) (sans surveillance).

Unit 1: Use your English Page 13

1.119 hang out (phr v)

Phonetics: /hæŋ aʊt/
Definition: to spend a lot of time somewhere or with sb.
Example: Ken hangs out with his friends at the mall every Saturday.
French Translation: traîner.

1.120 have a lot in common (expr)

Phonetics: /həv ə lɒt ɪn ˈ kɒmən/
Definition: to have the same interests as sb; be like sb in a certain way.
Example: Eva has a lot in common with her sister.
French Translation: avoir beaucoup de choses en commun.

1.121 get on sb’s nerves (expr)

Phonetics: /get ɒn ˈ sʌmbədiz nɜːvz/
Definition: to annoy sb.
Example: Steve plays his guitar badly all the time and it really gets on my nerves.
French Translation: taper sur les nerfs de quelqu'un.

1.122 keep in touch with (expr)

Phonetics: /kiːp ɪn tʌʧ wɪð/
Definition: to talk or write to sb.
Example: Billie moved to Canada, but he keeps in touch with his friends by email.
French Translation: rester en contact avec.

1.123 be dying to/for (expr)

Phonetics: /biː ˈ daɪɪŋ tuː/fɔː/
Definition: to really want to do sth.
Example: I’m dying to paint my room orange, but my mum won’t let me.
French Translation: mourir d’envie de.

1.124 be a natural (at) (expr)

Phonetics: /biː ə ˈ næʧrəl (æt)/
Definition: be good at sth without having to try hard.
Example: He’s a natural at swimming and spends all his summer in the sea.
French Translation: avoir des prédispositions.

1.125 fall out with (phr v)

Phonetics: /fɔːl aʊt wɪð/
Definition: to argue and stop being friends (with).
Example: Steven fell out with his friends when he discovered they had told him lies.
French Translation: se brouiller avec.

1.126 see red (expr)

Phonetics: /siː red/
Definition: to get angry.
Example: Katy saw red and started shouting angrily.
French Translation: voir rouge.

1.127 give sb the green light (expr)

Phonetics: /gɪv ˈ sʌmbədi ðə griːn laɪt/
Definition: to give sb permission to do sth.
Example: When the doctor gives you the green light, you can start doing sports again.
French Translation: donner le feu vert à quelqu’un.

1.128 black and white (expr)

Phonetics: /blæk ənd waɪt/
Definition: clear and simple.
Example: This is a difficult problem to solve. It’s not just black and white.
French Translation: tout noir ou tout blanc.

1.129 straightforward (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ streɪtˈ fɔːwəd/
Definition: easy to understand and simple.
Example: Can you give me a straightforward explanation of what this text means?
French Translation: explicite.

1.130 as good as gold (expr)

Phonetics: /əz gʊd əz gəʊld/
Definition: behaving very well.
Example: The children were as good as gold at dinner time and ate their meal quietly.
French Translation: sage comme une image.

1.131 naughty (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ nɔːti/
Definition: behaving badly.
Example: Tina has been very naughty. She’s hidden her brother’s tablet.
French Translation: vilain(e).

1.132 well-behaved (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ wel bɪˈ heɪvd/
Definition: behaving well.
Example: The fans were all well-behaved at the basketball game.
French Translation: bien comporté(e).

1.133 show your true colours (expr)

Phonetics: /ʃəʊ jə(r) truː ˈ kʌləz/
Definition: to show your true character.
Example: Ben showed his true colours when he won $20,000\,dollars$ in the lottery.
French Translation: montrer son vrai visage.

1.134 personality (n)

Phonetics: /pɜːsəˈ næləti/
Definition: character.
Example: She has a very calm and generous personality.
Derivations: person (n), personal (adj).
French Translation: personnalité.

1.135 sense of humour (expr)

Phonetics: /sens əv ˈ hjuːmə(r)/
Definition: the ability to see the funny side of things.
Example: My brother has no sense of humour. He never thinks my tricks are funny!
French Translation: sens de l’humour.

1.136 unkind (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ ʌnˈ kaɪnd/
Definition: slightly cruel.
Example: Why did you take your little brother’s toy away? It was unkind of you.
Derivations: unkindly (adv), unkindness (n).
Opposite: kind.
French Translation: cruel(le).

1.137 spare time (expr)

Phonetics: /ˌ speə ˈ taɪm/
Definition: free time.
Example: I love to go hiking and kayaking in my spare time.
French Translation: temps libre.

Unit 1: Writing Pages 14–15

1.138 similarity (n)

Phonetics: /sɪməˈ lærəti/
Definition: If there is a similarity between things or people, they are almost the same.
Example: There’s such a similarity between these two people that they must be twins.
Derivations: similar (adj).
French Translation: similitude.

1.139 graphic novel (n)

Phonetics: /ˌ ɡræfɪk ˈ nɒvl/
Definition: a book with the story told in pictures, like a comic.
Example: The graphic novel was about a serious issue, but showed it in an amusing way through pictures and dialogue.
French Translation: roman illustré.

1.140 take care (expr)

Phonetics: /teɪk keə(r)/
Definition: used to say goodbye informally.
Example: He ended his email with ‘See you soon. Take care!’
French Translation: faire attention, prendre soin.

Unit 1: Live well, study well Page 16

1.141 value (v)

Phonetics: /væljuː/
Definition: to think that sb/sth is important.
Example: I’ve always valued my mother’s advice.
Derivations: value (n), valuable (adj).
French Translation: valeur.

1.142 accept (v)

Phonetics: /əkˈ sept/
Definition: to agree to sth as it is; to say ‘yes’ to an invitation or offer.
Example: If you move to another country, you have to accept that the culture may be different to yours.
Derivations: acceptance (n), acceptable (adj).
French Translation: accepter.

1.143 understanding (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ ʌndəˈ stændɪŋ/
Definition: showing that you understand sb’s situation and will offer to help or forgive sb.
Example: The police officer was kind and understanding when our car was stolen.
Derivations: understand (v), understanding (n).
French Translation: compréhensif, compréhensive.

1.144 judge (v)

Phonetics: /dʒʌdʒ/
Definition: to decide what you think of sb/sth from what you know.
Example: We shouldn’t judge a person’s character from the clothes they wear.
Derivations: judge (n).
French Translation: juger.

1.145 keep your word (expr)

Phonetics: /kiːp jɔː wɜːd/
Definition: to do what you told sb you would do.
Example: Ken kept his word and gave me back the money he’d borrowed as soon as he got paid.
French Translation: tenir sa promesse.

1.146 respect (v)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ spekt/
Definition: to show you understand that sb/sth is important and make sure you do not do anything against them.
Example: You should respect other people’s wishes.
Derivations: respect (n).
French Translation: respecter.

1.147 listener (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ lɪsənə(r)/
Definition: sb who listens.
Example: If you want to stay friends with him, try to be a better listener and don’t just talk about yourself all the time.
Derivations: listen (v).
French Translation: personne à l’écoute.

1.148 treat (v)

Phonetics: /triːt/
Definition: to behave to sb in a particular way.
Example: He treats his dog well, and cooks chicken and steak for its meals.
Derivations: treat, treatment (n).
French Translation: traiter.

1.149 feedback (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ fiːdbæk/
Definition: comments or information about how good or useful sth is.
Example: So far, we’ve had positive feedback from our customers.
French Translation: commentaires.

1.150 togetherness (n)

Phonetics: /təˈ ɡeðənəs/
Definition: the feeling of being with people you get on well with.
Example: During the camping weekend, the group developed a true sense of togetherness.
Derivations: together (adv).
French Translation: unité, camaraderie.

1.151 quality time (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ kwɒləti taɪm/
Definition: time you spend with sb when you can give them your complete attention.
Example: Stella feels she’d like to work fewer hours to spend more quality time with her family.
French Translation: temps de qualité.

1.152 support (n)

Phonetics: /səˈ pɔːt/
Definition: help given to sb by being kind to them during a difficult time.
Example: When I feel down, I can always rely on support from my friends.
Derivations: support (v), supportive (adj).
French Translation: soutien.

1.153 encouragement (n)

Phonetics: /ɪnˈ kʌrɪdʒmənt/
Definition: the act of doing sth that encourages sb.
Example: With her friend’s encouragement, Ellie applied for a better job.
Derivations: encourage (v).
French Translation: encouragement.

1.154 willing (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ wɪlɪŋ/
Definition: open to doing sth.
Example: He’s always willing to help his friends when they need it most.
Derivations: willingly (adv), willingness (n).
French Translation: enclin(e) à.

1.155 compromise (v)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɒmprəmaɪz/
Definition: to come to an agreement by leaving out some of the things you want.
Example: Fred wasn’t keen on my idea to sleep in a tent, so we decided to compromise and stay in a caravan on a campsite.
Derivations: compromise (n).
French Translation: faire des compromis.

1.156 responsibility (n)

Phonetics: /rɪˌ spɒnsəˈ bɪlɪti/
Definition: sth that sb has to do as a job or duty.
Example: When Eddie’s parents are at work, it’s his responsibility to prepare dinner.
Derivations: responsible (adj).
French Translation: responsabilité.

1.157 admit (v)

Phonetics: /ədˈ mɪt/
Definition: to agree that you did sth bad or that sth bad is true.
Example: The teacher admitted that he had given us the wrong test.
French Translation: admettre.

1.158 growth (n)

Phonetics: /ɡrəʊθ/
Definition: the process of developing.
Example: The teenage years are an important stage of a person’s emotional growth.
Derivations: grow (v).
French Translation: croissance, développement.

1.159 additional (adj)

Phonetics: /əˈ dɪʃn̩əl/
Definition: extra; more.
Example: The leaflet gave basic details about the castle, so I downloaded additional information about it from the internet.
Derivations: addition (n), additionally (adv).
French Translation: supplémentaire.

1.160 potential (adj)

Phonetics: /pəˈ tenʃl/
Definition: possible.
Example: Destroying the Amazon rainforest is a potential disaster for the whole world.
Derivations: potential (n).
French Translation: potentiel(le).

1.161 challenging (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ ʧælənʤɪŋ/
Definition: difficult in an interesting way.
Example: This computer game is very challenging, but I’m not going to give up.
Derivations: challenge (v, n).
French Translation: difficile.

1.162 point of view (expr)

Phonetics: /pɔɪnt əv vjuː/
Definition: an opinion.
Example: You can express your point of view after he finishes his presentation.
French Translation: point de vue.

1.163 reasoning (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ riːzənɪŋ/
Definition: the process of working things out and forming opinions logically.
Example: I still disagree with his decision although I understood his reasoning.
Derivations: reason (n, v), reasonable (adj).
French Translation: raisonnement.

1.164 challenge (v)

Phonetics: /ˈ ʧælənʤ/
Definition: to question sb’s opinions.
Example: He challenged her view that it’s healthy to be a vegan.
Derivations: challenge (n), challenging (adj).
French Translation: mettre au défi.

1.165 offensive (adj)

Phonetics: /əˈ fensɪv/
Definition: rude and making sb feel upset.
Example: John felt annoyed when someone posted an offensive comment about him online.
Derivations: offend (v), offence, offender (n).
French Translation: offensif, offensive.

1.166 contract (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɒntrækt/
Definition: a written agreement.
Example: Before signing the contract to rent the house, she read it carefully to check the details.
Derivations: contractor (n).
French Translation: contrat.

1.167 accidentally (adv)

Phonetics: /ˌ æksɪˈ dentəli/
Definition: by mistake; without intending to.
Example: He accidentally sent the email to the wrong person.
Derivations: accident (n), accidental (adj).
French Translation: accidentellement.

1.168 exchange (v)

Phonetics: /ɪksˈ ʧeɪnʤ/
Definition: to replace one thing with another.
Example: After work, they often meet at a café to exchange thoughts about their day.
Derivations: exchange (n).
French Translation: échanger.

1.169 currently (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ kʌrəntli/
Definition: at the moment; now.
Example: The restaurant is currently closed for repairs and will open again next month.
Derivations: current (adj).
French Translation: actuellement.

1.170 speech (n)

Phonetics: /spiːtʃ/
Definition: a formal talk.
Example: The president will make a speech on TV tonight.
Derivations: speak (v), speaker (n).
French Translation: discours.

Unit 1: Adjective Endings Summary

-ic: energetic, enthusiastic
-ous: adventurous, generous, nervous
-al: additional, cultural, original
-ive: aggressive, imaginative, offensive, supportive, talkative
-ing: caring, challenging, easy-going, eye-catching, outgoing, understanding, willing
-ly: lonely
-ed: ashamed, depressed, embarrassed, stressed, unattended, well-behaved
-ble: miserable, sensible

Unit 1: Relationships: Verbs

accept
admit
challenge
compromise
congratulate
judge
respect
trust
value

Unit 2: Mysterious world

Page 17

2.1 mysterious (adj)

Phonetics: /mɪˈ stɪəriəs/
Definition: strange and difficult to explain.
Example: They looked up at the mysterious green lights in the sky.
Derivations: mystery (n).
French Translation: mystérieux, mystérieuse.

2.2 volcanic (adj)

Phonetics: /vɒlˈ kænɪk/
Definition: created when a volcano throws out a lot of hot ash and lava.
Example: The beach has black sand due to the volcanic rock formations of the island.
Derivations: volcano (n).
French Translation: volcanique.

2.3 landscape (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ lændskeɪp/
Definition: the land around you.
Example: A lot of the landscape in Australia is dry and treeless.
French Translation: paysage.

2.4 consider (v)

Phonetics: /kənˈ sɪdə(r)/
Definition: to think carefully about sth.
Example: They’re considering buying a new house.
Derivations: consideration (n).
French Translation: envisager.

Unit 2: Reading Pages 18–19

2.5 mystery (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ mɪstri/
Definition: sth that is strange and difficult to explain.
Example: Archaeologists are still researching the mystery of when the strange pyramids were built.
Derivations: mysterious (adj).
French Translation: mystère.

2.6 map (v)

Phonetics: /mæp/
Definition: to make a map of an area.
Example: Most continents were mapped during the $18\text{th century}$ .
Derivations: map (n).
French Translation: cartographier.

2.7 estimate (v)

Phonetics: /ˈ estɪmeɪt/
Definition: to make an approximate judgement.
Example: He estimated that a thousand people had visited the island that month.
Derivations: estimate (n).
French Translation: estimer.

2.8 species (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ spiːʃiːz/
Definition: a group of animals or plants of the same type.
Example: How many species of animals are there?
French Translation: espèces.

2.9 unexplored (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ ʌnɪkˈ splɔːd/
Definition: which has not been explored before.
Example: The powerful telescope shows unexplored parts of the universe.
Derivations: explore (v), exploration, explorer (n).
French Translation: inexploré(e).

2.10 man-made (adj)

Phonetics: /mæn-meɪd/
Definition: not found in nature but made by people.
Example: Plastic is a man-made material.
French Translation: artificiel(le).

2.11 crooked (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ krʊkɪd/
Definition: not straight.
Example: The tower on top of the castle has become crooked because of earthquakes.
French Translation: tordu(e).

2.12 researcher (n)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ sɜːʧə(r)/
Definition: sb who studies sth to try to discover new facts about it.
Example: The researcher is studying the effect colours have on the way we feel.
Derivations: research (v, n).
French Translation: chercheur, chercheuse.

2.13 explanation (n)

Phonetics: /ˌ ekspləˈ neɪʃn/
Definition: the reason given for why sth happened or why sth was done.
Example: She gave us a good explanation for why she didn't accept the job.
Derivations: explain (v).
French Translation: explication.

2.14 initially (adv)

Phonetics: /ɪˈ nɪʃəli/
Definition: at first.
Example: Initially, I couldn’t understand the instructions for the camera. Then I found some helpful videos online.
Derivations: initial (adj).
French Translation: initialement.

2.15 contain (v)

Phonetics: /kənˈ teɪn/
Definition: to have sth inside.
Example: Oranges contain a lot of vitamin C.
Derivations: contents (pl n).
French Translation: contenir.

2.16 neatly (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ niːtli/
Definition: carefully; in a tidy way.
Example: The toys in the cupboard were neatly arranged in boxes.
Derivations: neat (adj).
French Translation: soigneusement.

2.17 pine tree (n)

Phonetics: /paɪn triː/
Definition: a type of tree with leaves shaped like needles which stay green all year.
Example: We walked through the pine trees to the top of the mountain.
French Translation: pin.

2.18 surround (v)

Phonetics: /səˈ raʊnd/
Definition: be all around sb/sth.
Example: Tall trees surround the park and the playground.
Derivations: surroundings (n pl).
French Translation: entourer.

2.19 trunk (n)

Phonetics: /trʌnk/
Definition: the main part of a tree where branches grow from.
Example: The children hid behind the trunk of the tree so their friends couldn’t find them.
French Translation: tronc.

2.20 what’s more (expr)

Phonetics: /wɒts mɔːr/
Definition: in addition; also.
Example: The service at the restaurant was too slow. What’s more, the food was tasteless.
Synonym: furthermore.
French Translation: qui plus est.

2.21 majority (n)

Phonetics: /məˈ ʤɒrəti/
Definition: more than half of a group of people or things.
Example: The majority of students passed the exam, but a few didn’t.
Opposite: minority.
French Translation: majorité.

2.22 theory (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ θɪəri/
Definition: a set of ideas that explains why sth happens.
Example: He is doing research to prove his theory about the environmental cost of wind farms.
Derivations: theoretical (adj).
French Translation: théorie.

2.23 curious (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ kjʊəriəs/
Definition: strange or unusual.
Example: We heard a curious noise outside and went to see what it was.
Derivations: curiosity (n).
French Translation: curieux, curieuse.

2.24 appearance (n)

Phonetics: /əˈ pɪərəns/
Definition: the way sb/sth looks.
Example: ‘Can you describe his appearance?’ ‘Well, he’s tall and thin and has brown hair.’
Derivations: appear (v).
French Translation: apparence.

2.25 particular (adj)

Phonetics: /pəˈ tɪkjələ(r)/
Definition: referring to the one person or thing you are talking about and not any other.
Example: Maria only buys this particular type of toothpaste.
Derivations: particularly (adv).
Synonym: specific.
French Translation: particulier, particulière.

2.26 unique (adj)

Phonetics: /juˈ niːk/
Definition: very special, unusual or good.
Example: Don’t miss this unique opportunity to meet your favourite star!
French Translation: unique.

2.27 gravity (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ grævɪti/
Definition: the natural force that makes things fall to the ground.
Example: Gravity was the force that thefirst plane designers had to worry about.
French Translation: gravité.

2.28 odd (adj)

Phonetics: /ɒd/
Definition: strange or unusual.
Example: It was odd that Anna hadnt turned up, so I called to check she was OK.
Derivations: oddly (adv).
French Translation: étrange.

2.29 dismiss (v)

Phonetics: /dɪsˈ mɪs/
Definition: to reject sth, e.g. an idea.
Example: The judge dismissed the case because of lack of evidence.
Derivations: dismissal (n).
French Translation: rejeter, révoquer.

2.30 downwards (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ daʊnwədz/
Definition: towards the ground.
Example: After climbing the hill, we walked back downwards to the river.
Derivations: downward (adj).
Opposite: upwards.
French Translation: vers le bas.

2.31 curve (v)

Phonetics: /kɜːv/
Definition: to be or to move in the shape of a curve.
Example: The path curved between the rocks to the top of the mountain.
Derivations: curve (n).
French Translation: (se) courber, être sinueux/sinueuse.

2.32 similarly (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ sɪmələli/
Definition: in almost the same way.
Example: The hikers were all dressed similarly in waterproof clothing and boots.
Derivations: similar (adj), similarity (n).
French Translation: de façon similaire.

2.33 believe (v)

Phonetics: /bɪˈ liːv/
Definition: to be sure that sth is true.
Example: Do you believe that Emily doesn't like ice cream?
Derivations: belief, believer (n).
French Translation: croire.

2.34 uniformly (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ juːnɪfɔːmli/
Definition: in exactly the same way.
Example: The tomatoes were planted uniformly in straight rows.
Derivations: uniform (adj, n), uniformity (n).
French Translation: uniformément.

2.35 likely (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ laɪkli/
Definition: probable.
Example: Sadly, many animals and plants are likely to die because humans are destroying the environment.
Derivations: likelihood (n).
Opposite: unlikely.
French Translation: susceptible.

2.36 environmental (adj)

Phonetics: /ɪnˌ vaɪrənˈ mentl/
Definition: connected to the environment.
Example: The purpose of our research is to study how environmental changes affect wildlife.
Derivations: environment (n), environmentally (adv).
French Translation: environnemental(e).

2.37 weigh sb/sth down (phr v)

Phonetics: /weɪ ˈ sʌmbədi/ ˈ sʌmθɪŋ daʊn/
Definition: to make sb/sth heavier in a way that makes it more difficult to move.
Example: I won’t take my camera on the hike because it will just weigh me down.
French Translation: alourdir.

2.38 sapling (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ sæplɪŋ/
Definition: a young tree.
Example: After the huge pine trees were cut down, saplings were planted to grow in their place.
French Translation: jeune arbre.

2.39 bend (v)

Phonetics: /bend/
Definition: to move sth into a curve shape or so it is not straight.
Example: The strong wind bent the branches of the trees.
Derivations: bend (n).
French Translation: (faire) pencher.

2.40 upwards (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ ʌpwədz/
Definition: in a direction up from the ground.
Example: She looked upwards and saw the birds flying over the trees.
Derivations: upward (adj).
Opposite: downwards.
French Translation: vers le haut.

2.41 on purpose (expr)

Phonetics: /ɒn ˈ pɜːpəs/
Definition: by intention, not by accident.
Example: Sorry I dropped your plate. I didn’t do it on purpose.
French Translation: délibérément, volontairement.

2.42 in order to (do sth) (expr)

Phonetics: /ɪn ˈ ɒɔːdə(r) tə (duː ˈ sʌmθɪŋ)/
Definition: with the intention to do sth.
Example: You have to read the whole article in order to understand what happened.
French Translation: afin de (faire quelque chose).

2.43 shipbuilding (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ ʃɪpbɪldɪŋ/
Definition: the business of making ships.
Example: Glasgow used to be famous for shipbuilding on the River Clyde.
French Translation: construction navale.

2.44 Native American (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ neɪtɪv əˈ merɪkən/
Definition: the original people living in North America.
Example: The Apaches are a Native American tribe who used to be famous as warriors.
French Translation: Amérindien(ne).

2.45 cut down (phr v)

Phonetics: /kʌt daʊn/
Definition: to make sth, e.g. a tree, fall by cutting it at the bottom.
Example: Ian cut down the tall trees around his garden to make it brighter.
French Translation: abattre, couper.

2.46 nearby (adj)

Phonetics: /nɪəˈ baɪ/
Definition: that is not far away.
Example: We often play football in the nearby park, which is only a $5\,minutes$ ’ walk from our house.
French Translation: à proximité.

2.47 inhabitant (n)

Phonetics: /ɪnˈ hæbɪtənt/
Definition: sb who lives in a particular place.
Example: This island has two thousand inhabitants.
Derivations: inhabit (v).
French Translation: habitant(e).

2.48 virtually (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ vɜːtʃuəli/
Definition: almost.
Example: The two sisters look virtually the same.
French Translation: virtuellement.

2.49 rebuild (v)

Phonetics: /riːˈ bɪld/
Definition: to build sth again.
Example: After most of the city was destroyed by the earthquake, many buildings were rebuilt.
French Translation: reconstruire.

2.50 therefore (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ ðeəfɔː(r)/
Definition: as a result.
Example: The forest could easily be burnt in summer. Therefore, you’re not allowed to light a campfire.
French Translation: par conséquent.

2.51 secret (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ siːkrɪt/
Definition: information which isn’t for many people to know about.
Example: I’ll only tell you what I bought Penny for her birthday if you can keep a secret.
Derivations: secret, secretive (adj), secretly (adv).
French Translation: secret.

2.52 remain (v)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ meɪn/
Definition: to stay in the same situation or place.
Example: I asked him what was wrong, but he remained silent.
French Translation: rester, demeurer.

2.53 force (n)

Phonetics: /fɔːs/
Definition: power.
Example: It took force to push the car out of the garage when it broke down.
Derivations: force (v), forceful (adj).
French Translation: force.

2.54 seasonal (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ siːzənl/
Definition: happening during a particular season.
Example: We left India just in time to miss the seasonal heavy rain.
Derivations: season (n).
French Translation: saisonnier, saisonnière.

2.55 event (n)

Phonetics: /ɪˈ vent/
Definition: sth that happens which is important.
Example: Paul's graduation was the most important event of his life.
French Translation: événement.

2.56 severe (adj)

Phonetics: /səˈ vɪə(r)/
Definition: very bad and very extreme.
Example: The severe weather forced the climbers to return to base.
Derivations: severity (n).
French Translation: extrême.

2.57 frequent (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ friːkwənt/
Definition: happening often.
Example: The neighbour’s cat is a frequent visitor to our garden.
Derivations: frequently (adv).
French Translation: fréquent(e).

2.58 snowfall (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ snəʊfɔːl/
Definition: the amount of snow that falls in one place in a particular period of time.
Example: Their walking trip was cancelled because of the overnight snowfall.
French Translation: chute de neige.

2.59 probable (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ prɒbəbl/
Definition: likely to happen.
Example: The icy road was the probable cause of the accident.
Derivations: probability (n), probably (adv).
Opposite: improbable.
French Translation: probable.

2.60 abandon (v)

Phonetics: /əˈ bændən/
Definition: leave a place or thing permanently or for a long time.
Example: The villagers abandoned their homes when the fire got dangerously near.
French Translation: abandonner.

2.61 local (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ ləʊkl/
Definition: a resident of a particular area.
Example: The locals disagreed with the building of a factory near their village.
Derivations: local (adj).
French Translation: résident(e), habitant(e).

2.62 highly (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ haɪli/
Definition: very; to a large degree or at a high level.
Example: Dolphins are highly intelligent creatures.
French Translation: extrêmement.

2.63 corner (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɔːnə(r)/
Definition: a particular part of a place.
Example: He wants to travel to every corner of the world.
French Translation: coin.

2.64 case (n)

Phonetics: /keɪs/
Definition: a particular situation.
Example: His phone is either lost or has been stolen. Whatever the case, he hasn’t got it now.
French Translation: cas.

Unit 2: Vocabulary Page 20

2.65 for certain (expr)

Phonetics: /fə(r) ˈ sɜːtn/
Definition: without any doubt.
Example: I know for certain that the money was in my bag. I put it there myself.
Synonym: for sure.
French Translation: avec certitude.

2.66 roll (n)

Phonetics: /rəʊl/
Definition: a long piece of sth that has been wrapped around a few times so it makes the shape of a tube.
Example: The kitten destroyed a whole roll of toilet paper in the bathroom.
Derivations: roll (v), roller (n).
French Translation: rouleau.

2.67 pipe (n)

Phonetics: /paɪp/
Definition: a long tube that gas or liquid can flow through.
Example: Our bathroom floor was flooded because of a blocked water pipe.
French Translation: tuyau.

2.68 apparently (adv)

Phonetics: /əˈ nærəntli/
Definition: used to say that you have heard that sth is true although you are not sure about it.
Example: Apparently, the scientist has proof that aliens exist.
Derivations: apparent (adj).
French Translation: apparemment.

2.69 fully (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ fʊli/
Definition: completely.
Example: I fully agree that we should use less electricity in order to save the environment.
Derivations: full (adj).
French Translation: totalement.

2.70 fascinating (adj)

Phonetics: /ˈ fæsɪneɪtɪŋ/
Definition: very interesting.
Example: I read a fascinating book about the Northern Lights. I couldn’t put it down.
Derivations: fascinated (adj), fascinate (v), fascination (n).
French Translation: fascinant(e).

2.71 disappear (v)

Phonetics: /ˌ dɪsəˈ pɪə(r)/
Definition: to go where you can’t be seen.
Example: We watched the plane until it disappeared into the clouds.
Derivations: disappearance (n).
French Translation: disparaître.

2.72 unsolved (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ ʌnˈ sɒlvd/
Definition: which has not been solved.
Example: Is the mystery of the Loch Ness monster still unsolved?
French Translation: non résolu(e).

2.73 distance (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ dɪstəns/
Definition: how far or close sb/sth is.
Example: The distance between my home and school is $100\,metres$ .
French Translation: distance.

2.74 calmly (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɑːmli/
Definition: in a calm way.
Example: She calmly packed her suitcase and left the house without looking back.
Derivations: calm (adj, n, v).
French Translation: calmement.

2.75 select (v)

Phonetics: /sɪˈ lekt/
Definition: to choose sth out of many.
Example: They selected the best person for the job.
Derivations: selection (n).
French Translation: sélectionner.

2.76 recognise (v)

Phonetics: /ˈ rekəgnaɪz/
Definition: to know what sb/sth is.
Example: Can you recognise different kinds of fish?
Derivations: recognition (n), recognisable (adj).
French Translation: reconnaître.

2.77 solution (n)

Phonetics: /səˈ luːʃn/
Definition: a way of solving a problem or dealing with a situation.
Example: The problem is serious and we need to find a solution very soon.
Derivations: solve (v).
French Translation: solution.

Unit 2: Grammar Page 21

2.78 data (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ deɪtə/
Definition: information collected for analysis.
Example: We don’t have enough data to make a prediction.
French Translation: données.

2.79 alarm (n)

Phonetics: /əˈ lɑːm/
Definition: equipment that makes a loud noise when sb enters a place illegally or when there is danger, etc.
Example: Our hotel room had its own fire alarm.
French Translation: alarme.

2.80 go off (phr v)

Phonetics: /gəʊ ɒf/
Definition: to start making a warning sound.
Example: I woke up last night when the car alarm went off outside.
French Translation: se déclencher.

2.81 shape (v)

Phonetics: /ʃeɪp/
Definition: to form sth in a particular way, e.g. square, round.
Example: He shaped the burger mix into small round balls, which he put into the oven.
Derivations: shape (n).
French Translation: façonner.

2.82 twist (v)

Phonetics: /twɪst/
Definition: to bend or turn sth.
Example: The plant twisted itself up the side of the old house.
French Translation: (s’)enrouler.

2.83 sculpt (v)

Phonetics: /skʌlpt/
Definition: to cut sth, e.g. stone, metal or wood, into the shape of an object or person.
Example: The statue was sculpted from a huge piece of rock.
Derivations: sculpture, sculptor (n).
French Translation: sculpter.

2.84 pattern (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ pætən/
Definition: an arrangement of colours or shapes that is repeated.
Example: Patterns on the surface of the moon used to make people think the moon had a face.
French Translation: motif.

2.85 wonder (v)

Phonetics: /ˈ wʌndə(r)/
Definition: to think about sth you are not sure about.
Example: There’s someone at the door. I wonder who it is.
French Translation: se demander.

2.86 sculpture (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ skʌlpʧə/
Definition: an object made out of stone, wood, metal, etc. by an artist.
Example: In the Louvre museum, you can see the sculpture of the Aphrodite of Milos.
Derivations: sculpt (v), sculptor (n).
French Translation: sculpture.

2.87 circus (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ sɜːkəs/
Definition: a show in which a group of people perform to entertain others, sometimes in a big tent.
Example: We laughed a lot at the clowns in the circus.
French Translation: cirque.

2.88 lifetime (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ laɪftaɪm/
Definition: the amount of time that sb/sth is alive.
Example: Some of the world’s most famous artists were not well-known during their own lifetime.
French Translation: existence (durée de vie).

Unit 2: Listening Page 22

2.89 solve (v)

Phonetics: /sɒlv/
Definition: to find an answer to sth difficult; to find a way to do sth.
Example: She solved the mystery of strange sounds at night when she saw the fox in her garden.
Derivations: solution (n).
French Translation: résoudre.

2.90 source (n)

Phonetics: /sɔːs/
Definition: sb who gives information to the police, the newspapers, etc.
Example: The reporter would not name his source so nobody believed his story.
Derivations: source (v).
French Translation: source.

2.91 reliable (adj)

Phonetics: /rɪˈ laɪəbl/
Definition: that can be trusted or depended on.
Example: Solar energy is a reliable source of power wherever the weather is usually sunny.
Derivations: rely (v).
Opposite: unreliable.
French Translation: fiable.

2.92 prove (v)

Phonetics: /pruːv/
Definition: to show that sth is true.
Example: The police couldn’t prove he had stolen the money.
Derivations: proof (n).
French Translation: prouver.

2.93 evidence (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ evɪdəns/
Definition: facts that show that sth is true.
Example: There isn’t enough evidence that Atlantis ever existed.
French Translation: preuve.

2.94 draw a conclusion (expr)

Phonetics: /drɔː ə kənˈ kluːʒn/
Definition: to reach a decision after thinking about the facts.
Example: From her cheerful tone of voice, I drew the conclusion that she had some good news.
French Translation: déduire, tirer des conclusions.

2.95 be located (expr)

Phonetics: /bi ləʊˈ keɪtɪd/
Definition: If sth is located in a place, it is there.
Example: The office is located in the city centre.
Synonym: be situated.
French Translation: être situé(e).

2.96 antelope (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ æntɪləʊp/
Definition: an animal like a deer which has long thin legs to run fast and is native to Africa or Asia.
Example: The lion was chasing the antelope across the field.
French Translation: antilope.

2.97 archaeological (adj)

Phonetics: /ˌ ɑːkiəˈ lɒdʒɪkl/
Definition: connected with archaeology.
Example: Many of the world’s greatest archaeological sites, are located in Greece.
Derivations: archaeology, archaeologist (n).
French Translation: archéologique.

2.98 lizard (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ lɪzəd/
Definition: an animal that has a long body and a tail, short legs and snake-like skin without hair.
Example: The tiny lizard crawled down the wall and disappeared under the rocks.
French Translation: lézard.

2.99 jaguar (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ dʒæɡjuə(r)/
Definition: a wild animal like a large cat with light brown fur that has black spots and rings.
Example: Jaguars have a larger head and shorter tail than leopards, but they look quite similar.
French Translation: jaguar.

2.100 red deer (n)

Phonetics: /ˌ red ˈ dɪə(r)/
Definition: a type of deer which has red-brown fur and the male grows antlers like horns, shaped like branches.
Example: On the mountain, we saw some red deer eating the trees nearby.
French Translation: cerf commun.

2.101 carve (v)

Phonetics: /kɑːv/
Definition: to cut a pattern on wood or stone.
Example: Dad said he carved his name on his old wooden desk at school!
Derivations: carving (n).
French Translation: graver.

2.102 domestic (adj)

Phonetics: /dəˈ mestɪk/
Definition: not wild.
Example: Cats and dogs have been domestic animals for thousands of years, and they are very good pets.
French Translation: domestique.

2.103 carving (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ kɑːvɪŋ/
Definition: a pattern cut on wood or stone.
Example: There were carvings of flowers on the wooden bowls.
Derivations: carve (v).
French Translation: gravure.

2.104 definitely (adv)

Phonetics: /ˈ defɪnətli/
Definition: without a doubt.
Example: It was a great museum and I would definitely visit it again.
Derivations: definite (adj).
French Translation: assurément.

2.105 the Bronze Age (n)

Phonetics: /ðə ˈ brɒnz eɪdʒ/
Definition: the period of history from $3,000$ to $1,200\,BCE$ , when people used metal tools and weapons made of brown metal called bronze.
Example: There were many objects from the Bronze Age in the museum.
French Translation: l’Âge de Bronze.

2.106 tool (n)

Phonetics: /tuːl/
Definition: a device that you use to make or fix sth.
Example: The plumber took his tools out of the box to repair the water pipe.
French Translation: outil.

2.107 symbolic (adj)

Phonetics: /sɪmˈ bɒlɪk/
Definition: representing sth.
Example: The gift was symbolic of his friendship towards her.
Derivations: symbol (n), symbolise (v).
French Translation: symbolique.

2.108 endangered (adj)

Phonetics: /ɪnˈ deɪnʤəd/
Definition: at risk.
Example: Many endangered animals are protected by law so that they don’t become extinct.
Derivations: endanger (v).
French Translation: menacé(e).

Unit 3: Fit as a fiddle

3.1 fit as a fiddle (expr)

Phonetics: /fɪt əz ə ˈ fɪdl/
Definition: very fit and healthy.
Example: Grandma walks five miles every day, so she’s as fit as a fiddle.
French Translation: frais/fraîche comme un gardon.

3.102 jigsaw puzzle (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ dʒɪɡsɔː ˈ pʌzl/
Definition: a picture on thin cardboard that is cut into small shapes for you to put together.
Example: On rainy days, I enjoy playing board games with friends or doing a jigsaw puzzle alone.

Unit 4: Technological wonders

4.1 wonder (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ wʌndə(r)/
Definition: sth that makes you feel surprise and admiration.
Example: The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

Unit 10: See the world

10.1 tourism (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ tʊərɪzəm/
Definition: the business of arranging and providing services, like accommodation, transport and entertainment, for people going on holiday.
Example: The island economy depends on income from tourism.

Unit 11: Crime time

11.2 graffiti (n)

Phonetics: /ɡrəˈ fiːti/
Definition: painting or writing on a wall, usually done illegally.
Example: Jason was not amused to see graffiti painted on the wall of his new home.

Unit 12: You are what you wear

12.19 mummy (n)

Phonetics: /ˈ mʌmi/
Definition: a preserved dead body.
Example: The mummy found in the pyramid is thought to have been an Egyptian prince.