Smartbook 2 Notes

  • Fertilization typically takes place in the fallopian tubes

  • Conception to 2 weeks post-conception: zygote. 2 weeks to 8 weeks: embryo. 8 weeks to birth: fetus

  • The period of prenatal development that takes place in the first 2 weeks is known as the germinal period

  • The amnion is like a bag or envelope and contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

  • Small molecules can cross the placental wall

  • The female egg is known as the ovum

  • Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about 4 pounds during the last two months of pregnancy

  • Prenatal development is divided into 3 periods: germinal, embryonic, and fetal

  • In normal pregnancy, neurogenesis begins once the neural tube has closed

  • Activities that take place during the germinal period:

    • Creation of the fertilized egg (zygote)

    • Cell division

    • Attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

  • Which developmental event is observed in the cerebral cortex during the 29th-31st week of gestation?

    • Functional connectivity reaches a peak increase

  • The placenta is a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

  • Virtually any drug or chemical substance a pregnant woman ingests can cross the placenta

  • Examples of teratogens: advanced paternal age, maternal stress, drugs, infectious disease, nutritional deficiencies

  • The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable 3 months after conception

  • The generation of new neurons that takes place beginning at the fifth prenatal week is known as neurogenesis

  • For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by time of exposure, genetic susceptibility, and the dosage

  • Peak neural connectivity occurs between the 29th and 31st prenatal week

  • Psychoactive drugs include: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, and marijuana

  • Nutrition and oxygen flow from the placenta to the fetus through the umbilical cord

  • Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a teratogen

  • Fatty tissues develop, various organ systems function more regularly, and the fetus grows longer and gains about four pounds during the last 2 months of pregnancy

  • The dose of the teratogen would not be an aspect of the genetic susceptibility of an embryo or fetus to a teratogen

  • The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is psychoactive drugs

  • The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the placenta

  • Exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with numerous negative outcomes for offspring

  • Intake of spicy food does not influence whether or not a baby will be born malformed

  • FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy

  • Exercise during pregnancy can have beneficial effects on both maternal and fetal health, reducing the risk of gestational diabetes and promoting healthy birth weight.

  • The Apgar Scale evaluates muscle tone, heart rate, and respiratory effort

  • Possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus: low birth weight, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems

  • Maternal obesity can cause respiratory issues, diabetes, and elevated rates of hypertension

  • In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the infant and parent forms. This attachment is known as bonding

  • The postpartum period lasts about 6 weeks

  • Infants who weigh less than 90 percent of all babies of the same gestational age are called small-for-date infants

  • The postpartum blues show up 2-3 days after birth

  • These are cases in which early close contact between mother and infant in the hospital may be of particular benefit: the mother is a teenager, the mother is from disadvantaged circumstances, the infant is preterm

  • The postpartum period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother’s body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (about 6 weeks)

  • After birth, nursing the baby helps the uterus to rapidly contract back to its normal size

  • Fathers can also experience post partum depression