unit 3 part

Modelling

• Definition: Simulation is a computer-generated model of a real system used to study its behavior based on mathematical representations.

  • Examples of simulation applications:

    • Personal finance

    • Bridge and building design

    • Flood water management

    • Traffic management

    • Weather forecasting

Advantages of Modelling

• Cost-effective: Less expensive than building the actual system.

• Safety: Computer modeling is safer than real-world trials.

• Scenario Testing: Allows experimentation with different scenarios easily.

• Speed: Often faster to conduct analysis using computer models.

Disadvantages of Modelling

• Accuracy Limitations: There will always be differences between model results and real-life outcomes.

• Cost: Advanced computer modeling can be costly.

Advantages of Computer Modelling for Weather Forecasting

• Complexity Handling: Handles large numbers of variables more effectively than manual methods.

• Long-range Predictions: Capable of predicting extended weather trends.

• Efficiency: Produces weather patterns faster than human forecasting.

• Accuracy: Generates more accurate results.

• Early Warning: Provides early alerts for severe weather to residents.

Steps of Online Booking

1. Customer Inputs Booking Details: Starts the booking process.

2. Database Checks Availability: Searches for available options.

3. Seat Numbers and Prices Sent: Information sent to customer terminal for confirmation.

4. Customer Confirms: Inputs personal details and selects payment method.

5. Seats Temporarily Booked: The selected seats are flagged.

6. Payment Methods Sent to User: User information processed.

7. Enter Credit Card Details: Customer inputs payment information.

8. Seats Marked as Booked: Final confirmation updates the master file.

9. Ticket Details Output: Verification email sent to customer.

Advantages of Online Booking

• Prevents Double Booking: Ensures no conflicts in reservations.

• 24/7 Availability: Customers can book at any time.

• Cost-Efficiency: Reduces travel costs to the booking office.

• Time-Saving: No need to travel for bookings, saving valuable time.

• Lower Costs: Generally cheaper due to reduced overheads.

Disadvantages of Online Booking

• Setup Costs: Initial establishment can be expensive.

• Error Risk: Mistakes in online bookings can occur more easily.

• System Crashes: Risks of losing bookings if the system fails.

• Internet Dependency: Requires internet access, which may increase costs.

Robotics

Uses of Robotics in Car Manufacturing

• Paint Spraying: Automating the painting process for efficiency.

• Engine Fitting: Robotic systems used for precise assembly.

• Welding Parts: Effective joining of car components.

Advantages of Robots in Systems

• Safety: Operate in environments unsafe for humans.

• Continuous Operation: Work 24/7 without rest.

• Accuracy: More precise than human operation.

• Productivity: Increases overall production rates.

• Consistency: Delivers uniform outputs.

• Cost-Effectiveness: Reduces long-term costs by eliminating salaries.

Disadvantages of Robot Systems

• Initial High Costs: Significant investment required at the start.

• Maintenance Costs: Expensive upkeep needs specialized staff.

• Security Vulnerability: Robotics systems can be susceptible to hacking.

• Job Displacement: Replace skilled workers causing de-skilling in the workforce.

• Training Expenses: New training programs required for affected workers.

• Troubleshooting Difficulty: Errors can be complex to diagnose.

Drones (Unmanned Aircraft)

Advantages

• Cost Efficiency: Cheaper to operate than helicopters.

• Safety: Reduced risk as no crew is involved.

• Accessibility: Can operate closer to the ground and in hard-to-reach areas.

Disadvantages

• Maintenance Challenges: Issues with camera equipment are tougher without human intervention.

• Limited Range: Operational distances may be restricted.

• Control Signal Issues: Drones can lose control if flying out of range.

• Potential Distractions: Can divert attention in certain situations.

Media Communication Systems

• Definition: Refers to methods of transmitting and receiving data/information via telecommunications.

Use in Satellite Television and Phones

1. Signal Transmission: Ground satellite dish sends signals to a satellite.

2. Carrier Waves: Utilizes radio waves for signal delivery, each with unique frequency and bandwidth.

3. Signal Boosting: Satellite amplifies signals before sending them back to earth.

4. Reception: The signal is received by the satellite dish.

Advantages of Media Communication Systems

• Global Coverage: Effective communication worldwide.

• Cost-effective: Cheaper than running physical cables.

• Portability: Satellite receivers can enable mobile communication in remote areas.

• Security: Data is encrypted, requiring specific decoding equipment for access.

Disadvantages

• Signal Delay: Time lag can occur in signal receipt.

• Weather Sensitivity: Bad weather can affect signal quality.

• Sunspot Effects: Activity can impair satellite performance.

• Position Monitoring: Satellites need regular control if not in fixed positions.

Health and Safety

Health Issues Related to Computer Use

• Eye Strain/Headaches:

  • Causes: Long screen exposure, flickering monitors.

  • Protection Methods:

    • Use flat LCD screens.

    • Anti-glare filters.

    • Adjust brightness.

    • Maintain distance from the screen.

    • Regular eye exams.

    • Clean screens regularly.

• Back Pain:

  • Causes: Poor posture while sitting.

  • Protection Methods:

    • Maintain an upright position.

    • Use ergonomic chairs.

    • Take frequent breaks.

• Neck Pain:

  • Causes: Incorrect viewing angles.

  • Protection Methods:

    • Adjustable chairs.

    • Tiltable screens.

    • Regular breaks.

• Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI):

  • Causes: Extended use of mouse/keyboard.

  • Protection:

    • Use wrist rests.

    • Consider ergonomic tools.

    • Regular breaks and hand exercises.

Safety Issues Due to Accidents

• Tripping Hazards:

  • Protection: Organize wires underground or utilize wireless technology.

• Electric Shock Risks:

  • Protection: Insulate wires and keep beverages away from equipment.

• Fire Risks:

  • Protection: Avoid overloading outlets and overheating devices.

• Heavy Equipment Safety:

  • Protection: Position equipment centrally and on stable surfaces.

• Emergency Traps:

  • Protection: Arrange computers in a U-shape for clear exits.