Semester 2 Final Exam Notes

1. Preterite (Past Tense)

The preterite tense is used to describe actions like:

• what happened

• completed action

• one-time events

• interrupting events

• specific times

AR Verbs:

ER/IR Verbs:

Irregular Verbs

Be aware of irregular verbs, including:

• car, gar, zar verbs (spelling changes in the yo form)

• venir, traer, decir, querer (irregular stems and endings)

• leer, construir (irregular endings)

Check your list for irregular stem changes, spelling changes, and endings with and without accents. Understanding these irregularities is crucial for accurate conjugation.

2. Imperfect (Past Tense)

The imperfect tense describes ongoing or habitual actions in the past:

• how times were

• description

• emotions

• used to/was doing

• non-specific time

• actual clock times

AR Verbs:

ER/IR Verbs:

3. Usted Commands

Usted commands are used for formal commands. Here's how to form them:

AR Verbs:

ER/IR Verbs:

Negative commands: pronouns go before negative commands (no las ponga)

Affirmative commands: pronouns attach to the verb, and add an accent (póngalas)

4. Pronouns with Prepositions

Examples:

• a él

• contigo

• conmigo

• con ella

These are simply prepositional phrases using pronouns. Make sure to review all the pronouns and prepositions.

5. The Present Subjunctive

The present subjunctive is used in dependent clauses expressing doubt, desire, or uncertainty.

AR Verbs:

ER/IR Verbs:

Irregular Verbs

Including irregular verbs:

• dar

• estar

• ir

• saber

• ser

Stem-changing verbs:

• pedir

• sentir

• dormir

car, gar, zar verbs

6. Tú Commands

Affirmative

Affirmative tú commands are generally the same as the he/she/it form of the present tense. Here are the irregular affirmative tú commands:

• ven (venir)

• di (decir)

• sal (salir)

• haz (hacer)

• ten (tener)

• ve (ir)

• pon (poner)

• sé (ser)

Negative

Negative tú commands start with the 'yo' form of the verb, then add these endings:

• AR verbs: es

• ER and IR verbs: as

Examples with tener, dar, estar, ir, ser:

• Tener – tengo – no tengas

• no des

• no estés

• no vayas

• no seas

7. Possessive Adjectives

Examples:

• el mío

• la tuya

• las suyas

These are possessive adjectives that replace the noun. Review the forms and usage for these.

8. Difference Between ‘qué and cuál’ and ‘por and para’

Understand the nuances of when to use qué vs. cuál and por vs. para. Qué is generally used for definitions, while cuál is used for choices. Por is used for reasons, while para is used for purpose or destination.

9. Reciprocal Reflexives

Reciprocal reflexives indicate that two or more subjects are performing an action to each other.

Examples:

• Se miran – They see each other

• Nos saludamos – We greet each other

Vocabulary

There are 22 vocabulary questions. Be prepared to answer vocab questions about:

• Unit 3: Stages of life, fiestas, and celebrations

• Unit 4: Body, going to the doctor, and illnesses

• Unit 5: Technology, cars, and car maintenance

• Unit 6: House, furniture, and chores

Culture

Review all of the true/false questions from the culture worksheets.