GI-SYSTEM-1
Gastrointestinal System Review
Page 1: Overview
Gastrointestinal System
Review of systems includes the anal canal and external anal sphincter.
Page 2: Anatomy of the Digestive System
Key Organs
Mouth (oral cavity), salivary glands (parotid, sublingual, submandibular), tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, anus, anal canal.
Page 4: Mouth (Buccal/Oral Cavity)
Structure
Lips and cheeks: Skeletal muscles covered by skin, keep food in mouth during chewing.
Page 5: Palate
Types
Hard palate: Covers bone, provides a surface for food.
Soft palate: Ends at uvula, rises during swallowing to close oropharynx.
Page 7: Tongue
Functions
Contains mucous and serous glands, taste buds.
Mixes food and saliva, forms bolus, initiates swallowing.
Page 8: Saliva
Production
Produced by salivary glands, moistens food, begins chemical breakdown of starches.
Page 9: Teeth
Function
Used for chewing (masticating), 32 permanent teeth embedded in gums.
Page 10: Pharynx
Structure
Nasopharynx and oropharynx provide passage for food, fluids, and air.
Peristalsis moves food to the esophagus.
Page 11: Esophagus
Description
Muscular tube about 10 inches long, serves as a passageway for food.
Page 13: Epiglottis and Gastroesophageal Sphincter
Epiglottis
Flap of cartilage that keeps food out of the larynx during swallowing.
Gastroesophageal Sphincter
Located between the esophagus and stomach.
Page 15: Stomach
Location and Capacity
Located high on the left side of the abdominal cavity, can hold up to 4 liters.
Regions
Cardiac region, fundus, body, pylorus.
Page 17-19: Stomach Functions and Cells
Functions
Storage reservoir for food, mechanical digestion.
Cell Types
Mucous cells: Produce alkaline mucus for protection.
Zymogenic cells: Produce pepsinogen (inactive enzyme).
Parietal cells: Produce HCl and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
Enteroendocrine cells: Produce hormones like gastrin.
Page 21-23: Small Intestine
Structure
Starts at pyloric sphincter, ends at ileocecal junction, about 20 feet long.
Divisions
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
Functions
Site of chemical digestion and absorption through microvilli, villi, and circular folds.
Page 24: Enzymes in Small Intestine
Types of Enzymes
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic enzymes for protein digestion, pancreatic lipase for lipid digestion.
Page 27-29: Large Intestine (Colon)
Divisions
Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum.
Functions
Absorbs water, salts, vitamins; eliminates indigestible food residue.
Page 31-33: Liver
Description
Largest gland, approximately 3 pounds, located on the right side.
Functions
Secretes bile, stores vitamins, synthesizes proteins and clotting factors.
Page 34: Pancreas
Description
Triangular gland that produces 1-1.5 L of pancreatic juice daily.
Function
Digests all categories of food.
Page 36-40: Diagnostic Tests
Laboratory Tests
CEA for colorectal cancer, exfoliative cytology for malignant cells, fecal analysis for occult blood, ova and parasites, and lipids.
Gastric analysis for HCl and pepsin secretion.
Page 41-43: Radiographic Tests
Types
UGIS (Barium Swallow) for upper GI visualization, LGIS (Barium Enema) for colon visualization.
Page 44-47: Endoscopy
Types
UGI Endoscopy for esophagus, stomach, duodenum; LGI Endoscopy for sigmoid and colon.
Preparation and Aftercare
NPO, sedation, monitoring for complications.
Page 49-51: Additional Diagnostic Tests
Ultrasonography
NPO for 8-12 hours.
Liver Biopsy
Assess coagulation tests, maintain bed rest post-pro