Unit 7, Unit 8, and Unit 9 Freeman-pedia Reveiw
Unit 7: Global Conflict
7.1 Shifting Power
Historical developments
The West dominated the global political order at the beginning of the 20th century, but both land-based and maritime empires gave way to new states by the century's end.
The older, land-based Ottoman, Russian, and Qing empires collapsed due to a combination of internal and external factors. These changes in Russia eventually led to communist revolution.
States around the world challenged the existing political and social order, including the Mexican Revolution that arose as a result of political crisis.
7.2 WWI: Causes
Historical developments
The causes of World War I included imperialist expansion and competition for resources. In addition, territorial and regional conflicts combined with a flawed alliance system and intense nationalism to escalate the tensions into global conflict.
Triple entente, triple alliance (aka central powers), MAIN, GAVRILO PRINCIP
7.3 Conducting WWI
Historical developments
World War I was the first total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies) for the purpose of waging war.
New military technology led to increased levels of wartime casualties. (machine gun, tank, gases, mines, barbwire)
7.4 Interwar Economy
Historical developments
Following World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life.
In the Soviet Union, the government controlled the national economy through the Five Year Plans, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population. (FASCISM)
7.5 Unresolved Tensions
Historical developments
Between the two world wars, Western and Japanese imperial states predominantly maintained control over colonial holdings; in some cases, they gained additional territories through conquest or treaty settlement and in other cases faced anti-imperial resistance.
7.6 WWI Causes
Historical developments
The causes of World War Il included the unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler. (FASCIST, PEOPLE TO KNOW)
7.7 Conducting WWII
Historical developments
World War II was a total war. Governments used a variety of strategies, including political propaganda, art, media, and intensified forms of nationalism, to mobilize populations (both in the home countries and the colonies or former colonies) for the purpose of waging war. Governments used ideologies, including fascism and communism to mobilize all of their state's resources for war and, in the case of totalitarian states, to repress basic freedoms and dominate many aspects of daily life during the course of the conflicts and beyond.
New military technology and new tactics, including the atomic bomb, fire-bombing, and the waging of "total war" led to increased levels of wartime casualties.
7.8 Mass Atrocities
Historical developments
The rise of extremist groups in power led to the attempted destruction of specific populations, notably the Nazi killing of the Jews in the Holocaust during World War II, and to other atrocities, acts of genocide, or ethnic violence.
Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization
8.1 Setting the Stage
For The Cold War and Decolonization
Historical developments
Hopes for greater self-government were largely unfulfilled following World War I; however, in the years following World War Il, increasing anti-imperialist sentiment contributed to the dissolution of empires and the restructuring of states.
Technological and economic gains experienced during World War Il by the victorious nations shifted the global balance of power.
8.2 The Cold War
Historical developments
The global balance of economic and political power shifted during and after World War II and rapidly evolved into the Cold War. The democracy of the United States and the authoritarian communist Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, which led to ideological conflict and a power struggle between capitalism and communism across the globe.
Groups and individuals, including the Non-Aligned Movement, opposed and promoted alternatives to the existing economic, political, and social orders.
US Allies (NATO), Soviet Allies (warsaw pact), Non-Aligned
8.3 Cold War: Effects
Historical developments
The Cold War produced new military alliances, including NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and led to nuclear proliferation and proxy wars between and within postcolonial states in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
8.4 Spread of Communism
Historical developments
As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution.
In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.
Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.
Great Leap Forward (Chinese five year plan, they want to catch up, failed)
8.5 Decolonization
Historical developments
Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.
After the end of World War Il, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggle.
Regional, religious, and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.
Nations negotiated for independence, British West Africa, British RAJ, French West Africa. Nations fought for independence, Kenya, Algeria, Angola, Vietnam, Mau Mau. Regional, Religious, and Ethnic movements challenging colonial/imperial boundaries, Quebecois, Biafra, Muslim League.
8.6 Newly Independent States
Historical developments
The redrawing of political boundaries after the withdrawal of former colonial authorities led to the creation of new states.
The redrawing of political boundaries in some cases led to conflict as well as population displacement and/or resettlements, including those related to the Partition of India and the creation of the state of Israel.
In newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.
The migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles (the former colonizing country), usually in the major cities, maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the metropole even after the dissolution of empires.
Filipinos to USA, Algerians to France, South Asians to England (Metropoles). Partition of India, Palestinian Mandate
8.7 Global Resistance to Established Power
Historical developments
Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups— including states-opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts.
Militaries and militarized states often responded to the proliferation of conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict.
Groups and individuals challenged the many wars of the century, and some, such as Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., and Nelson Mandela, promoted the practice of nonviolence as a way to bring about political change.
Some movements used violence against civilians in an effort to achieve political aims. (PEOPLE TO KNOW)
8.8 End of Cold War
Historical developments
Advances in U.S. military and technological development, the Soviet Union's costly and ultimately failed invasion of Afghanistan, and public discontent and economic weakness in communist countries led to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Unit 9: Globalization
9.1 Technology Advancements and Exchanges
Historical developments
New modes of communication-including radio communication, cellular communication, and the internet—as well as transportation, including air travel and shipping containers, reduced the problem of geographic distance.
Energy technologies, including the use of petroleum and nuclear power, raised productivity and increased the production of material goods.
More effective forms of birth control gave women greater control over fertility, transformed reproductive practices, and contributed to declining rates of fertility in much of the world.
The Green Revolution and commercial agriculture increased productivity and sustained the earth's growing population as it spread chemically and genetically modified forms of agriculture.
Medical innovations, including vaccines and antibiotics, increased the ability of humans to survive and live longer lives.
Norman Borlaug, made Mexico and Turkey from importers to major exporters.
9.2 Disease
Historical developments
Diseases, as well as medical and scientific developments, had significant effects on populations around the world.
Diseases associated with poverty persisted while other diseases emerged as new epidemics and threats to human populations, in some cases leading to social disruption.
These outbreaks spurred technological and medical advances. Some diseases occurred at higher incidence merely because of increased longevity.
Diseases associated with poverty, Malaria, Cholera, Tuberculosis.
9.3 Environment
Historical developments
As human activity contributed to deforestation, desertification, a decline in air quality, and increased consumption of the world's supply of fresh water, humans competed over these and other resources more intensely than ever before.
The release of greenhouse gases and pollutants into the atmosphere contributed to debates about the nature and causes of climate change.
9.4 Global Economics
Historical developments
In a trend accelerated by the end of the Cold War, many governments encouraged free-market economic policies and promoted economic liberalization in the late 20th century. (with fall of communism upon cold war, countries flipped back to laissez faire liberalization.)
In the late 20th century, revolutions in information and communications technology led to the growth of knowledge economies in some regions, while industrial production and manufacturing were increasingly situated in Asia and Latin America.
Changing economic institutions, multinational corporations, and regional trade agreements reflected the spread of principles and practices associated with free-market economics throughout the world. (Moving away from communism and opening markets up.)
9.5 Calls for Reform
Historical developments
Rights-based discourses challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, and religion.
In much of the world, access to education as well as participation in new political and professional roles became more inclusive in terms of race, class, gender, and religion.
Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of the environmental and economic consequences of global integration.
Women’s rights to vote, civil rights inequality, end to climate change, more access to education.
9.6 Global Culture
Historical developments
Political and social changes of the 20th century led to changes in the arts and in the second half of the century, popular and consumer culture became more global.
Arts, entertainment, and popular culture increasingly reflected the influence of a globalized society.
Consumer culture became globalized and transcended national borders.
9.7 Resistance to Globalization
Historical developments
Responses to rising cultural and economic globalization took a variety of forms.
(People don’t like globalization and make their own social medias and entertainment, tired of American culture and protest)
9.8 Global Institutions
Historical developments
New international organizations, including the United Nations, formed with the stated goal of maintaining world peace and facilitating international cooperation.