English 10 NOTES

Information Gathering through Listening

• Listening is vital for study, relationships, and understanding.

• Informational listening: learning without judgment.

• Effective approaches:

  • Receive speaker's thoughts without premature judgment.

  • Identify key ideas.

  • Paraphrase the message.

• Skills for informational listening:

  • Vocabulary knowledge.

  • Concentration.

  • Memory.

  • Refraining from judgment.

  • Organization.

  • Asking questions.

  • Taking notes (key concepts only).

Note-Taking Methods

• Outline Method: Hierarchical form with bullet points and indentations.

  • Main ideas on the left, supporting details indented underneath.

• Mapping Method: Visual diagram showing relationships between ideas.

  • Main idea in the center, branches connect supporting ideas.

• Cornell Method: Divides paper into Cues, Notes, and Summary.

  • Notes (right): Main points and details during lecture.

  • Cues (left): Keywords/questions after class.

  • Summary (bottom): Summarize the topic.

Effect of Textual Aids

• Textual aids: non-textual elements that help readers understand the text.

• Functions: direct attention to important ideas and provide supplementary information.

• Types of Textual Aids:

  • Titles and Subtitles: Provide an initial idea of the text and activate prior knowledge.

  • Illustrations: Visual representation of a subject that improve information retention.

  • Tables: Organized facts and figures in columns and rows.

    • Column headings: Identify column contents.

    • Row headings: Define row contents.

  • Graphs: Show relationships of and within data.

    • Bar graph: Uses bars to show data; bar length indicates value.

    • Line graph: Shows how numerical data changes over time and trends.

    • Pie graph: Shows how a whole is divided into parts.

    • Pictograph: Uses pictures to symbolize countable units.

  • Maps: Visual representations of places.

    • Physical map: Labels for physical features.

    • Political map: Labels for cities, towns, and political units.

Identifying the Writer's Purpose

• Story Elements:

  • Characters: Protagonists, antagonists, supernatural beings, animals, or objects.

    • Characterization: Direct (explicit) or indirect (relies on reader's interpretation).

  • Setting: Place, time, historical period, and weather.

  • Plot: Story sequence with beginning, middle, and end.

  • Conflict: Struggle between opposing forces.

• Film Genre: Categories shaping characters, plot, and setting.

  • Examples: Comedy, Horror, Action, Sci-Fi, Romance, Thriller, Drama, Fantasy.

• Screenplay Writer: Writes scripts for films and television.

• Film Purposes: To entertain and inform.

• Subtext: Underlying message conveyed through dialogues, images, music, and plot.

Movies vs. Text

• Comparing sources identifies conflicting or consistent information.

• Movies:

  • Pros: Visual/auditory experience, emotional impact, accessibility.

• Texts:

  • Pros: Depth/detail, imagination, flexible pacing, critical thinking.

Print vs. Web

• Print Source: Material printed in hard copy.

• Web Source: Information found online.

• C.R.A.A.P. Test for Evaluating Sources:

  • Currency: Timeliness of information.

  • Relevance: Importance of information to your needs.

  • Authority: Source of information.

  • Accuracy: Reliability and correctness.

  • Purpose: Reason the information exists.

Analytical Listening

• Four Types of Listening: Appreciative, Empathic, Comprehensive, Analytical/Critical.

• Analytical/Critical Listening: Evaluating message content.

• How to Be an Analytical Listener:

  1. Listen attentively.

  2. Ask questions.

  3. Look for evidence.

• Listening to understand and evaluate.

  1. Withhold judgment.

  2. Talk and interrupt less.

  3. Ask questions.

  4. Paraphrase.

  5. Attend to non-verbal cues.

  6. Take notes.

  7. Analyze speaker's evidence.

  8. Examine emotional appeals.

Making Judgements about a Range of Text

• Literary texts: Fictional pieces.

• Informational texts: Nonfiction writing.

• Successful Reading:

  • Retrieving: Identifying relevant information.

  • Interpreting: Understanding the text.

  • Integrating: Combining personal knowledge with text meaning.

  • Reflecting: Paraphrasing the text.

  • Evaluating: Critically thinking about reliability, validity, accuracy, authority, and bias.

Evaluating Spoken Text

• Spoken text: Speech prepared in written form.

• Key Elements:

  • Cohesion: Linking words/sentences with transitional devices.

  • Coherence: Logical sequence of thoughts.

  • Tone: Speaker's attitude.

  • Correctness: Grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation.

  • Fluency: Effortless speech rate and continuity.

    • Elements of Fluency: Accuracy, Rate, Prosody.