UNIT 3 APWH

Unit 3 Notes - Land Based Empires

C Cycle of Empires

  • Conquest/Expansion

    • Economic prosperity and stability

    • Innovations in military technology

  • Consolidation

    • Administrative efforts to maintain control

  • Conflict

    • Internal

      • Corruption

      • Lack of tolerance leading to civil unrest

      • Economic pressures on lower classes

    • External

      • Natural disasters

      • Invaders

  • Collapse

Gunpowder Empires

3 Common Traits:

  • Turks/Nomads

  • Minority Ethnically

  • Muslim (Two Sunni, One Shi’a)

The Ottoman Empire (1453-1923)

  • Osman Bey

  • Mehmed II (The Conqueror)

    • Captured Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453

    • Utilized cannons for the siege

    • Renamed city to Istanbul

    • Control of trade through strategic location on the Bosporus

  • Suleiman I (The Great)

    • Empire reached peak under his rule

    • Built a strong navy

    • Expanded into Eastern Europe (Hungary 1526) and the Mediterranean (Rhodes 1522)

    • Considered a Turkish Empire, not Arab

    • Associated with early exploration that led to the discovery of America

Mughals (1526-1761)

  • Babur

    • Established Mughal rule over India

    • Invaded from northeast (modern-day Afghanistan/Uzbekistan)

    • Defeated Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Panipat

    • Muslim and religiously tolerant

  • Akbar

    • Noted for religious tolerance, ruled over a land primarily populated by Hindus

    • Developed a universal religion incorporating major world religions

  • Shah Jahan

    • Constructed the Taj Mahal in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal

  • Aurangzeb

    • Less tolerant than previous emperors

    • Oppressed non-Muslims, creating anti-Muslim sentiments

    • Left a legacy of division

Safavid Empire (1501-1736)

  • Persian legacy and ethnically blended society

  • Predominantly Shia Islam

  • Positioned between Sunni-ruled Ottomans and Mughals

  • Leaders:

    • Shah Ismail

    • Shah Abbas

  • Ethnic tensions due to Sunni minority in the empire

Yuan and Ming Dynasty

  • Ming Rise (1368-1644)

    • Moved capital to Beijing and began construction of the Forbidden City

    • Hong Wu: Founder, initiated Confucian revival, returned civil service exams

    • Yongle: Second emperor, created first encyclopedia, aimed to re-establish China’s status as the Middle Kingdom

  • Zheng He

    • A prominent Muslim mariner known for his expeditions (1405-1433)

    • Built the largest ships of his time and explored the Indian Ocean

    • Brought goods and exotic items back to China

    • Post 1433, resource allocation shifted focus, leading to isolation

Renaissance

  • Origins: Began in Northern Italy; feudal structures weakened post-Bubonic Plague

  • Medici Family: Unintentionally initiated Renaissance

  • Venice Prosperity: Led to competitive cultural flourishing among cities

  • Art:

    • Leonardo da Vinci: Represented humanism, highlighted realism (e.g., Mona Lisa)

    • Michelangelo: Famous for his work on the Sistine Chapel

  • Northern Renaissance

    • More secular approach to arts and literature

    • Niccolò Machiavelli: Authored 'The Prince', emphasized the importance of fear in rule

    • William Shakespeare: Notable for tragedy and drama writing

Reformation Context

  • Roman Catholicism was the only prominent Christian Church

  • Events like Crusades and the Plague highlighted Church corruption

  • Christian Humanism: Influenced self-reliance among believers

  • Gutenberg’s Printing Press: Enabled increased literacy and spread of ideas

  • Martin Luther (1483-1546):

    • German monk whose 'Ninety-Five Theses' criticized Church excesses

    • Emphasized 'Faith Alone' as central

    • Response to the sale of indulgences (purchase to absolve sins)

    • Initiated Protestant movement following his excommunication

Calvinism and Counter Reformation

  • John Calvin: Swiss theologian advocating predestination and the omnipotence of God

    • Ideas were adopted by John Knox in Scotland, leading to Presbyterianism

  • Counter Reformation: Catholic response to Protestantism

    • Council of Trent: Aimed to standardize practices and eliminate corruption

    • Ignatius Loyola: Founded the Jesuit Order to focus on education and missions, especially effective in South America

Absolute Monarchs

  • Defined as rulers with total control over their nations, often claiming divine right

  • France:

    • Bourbon Dynasty (1589-1792; 1815-1848):

      • Henry IV: Established Edict of Nantes for Protestant worship; assassinated

      • Louis XIII: Managed by Cardinal Richelieu, revoked Edict of Nantes

      • Louis XIV: Known as 'Sun King', moved court to Versailles, engaged in multiple wars

  • Spain:

    • Charles V: Faced Ottoman incursions and Protestant Reformation efforts

Thirty Years War

  • Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire

  • Hapsburgs led the Catholic side

  • Resulted in empire fragmentation, with Austria and Prussia emerging

Russia

  • Inhabited by Slavs, isolated culturally and geographically

  • Ivan III: Initiated independence from Mongol rule, establishing Czar role

  • Ivan IV (The Terrible): First Russian ruler to adopt absolute monarchy, expanded territory toward Siberia

Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)

  • Peter the Great (1682-1725):

    • Modernized Russia; encouraged Western culture, built St. Petersburg

    • Established a navy, fashionable reforms including outlawing beards

Japan

  • Shogunate System: Hierarchical order from Shogun to Samurai

    • Tokugawa Ieyasu: Unified shogunates, established the Tokugawa Shogunate

    • Closed borders except for limited trade to manage foreign influence and maintain control.

Unit 3 Notes - Land Based Empires

Cycle of Empires: Conquest, economic prosperity and stability, innovations in military technology, consolidation, conflict (internal and external), and collapse.

Gunpowder Empires Traits: Turk/Nomads, religiously Muslim, and minority ethnically.

Ottoman Empire (1453-1923): Captured Constantinople (Istanbul) under Mehmed II. Reached peak under Suleiman I, known for military expansion and naval strength.

Mughals (1526-1761): Established by Babur, known for invasions and religious tolerance under Akbar. Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal; Aurangzeb's reign marked decline in tolerance.

Safavid Empire (1501-1736): Persian influence, primarily Shia, with tensions between Sunni and Shia.

Yuan and Ming Dynasties: Ming established capital in Beijing, with Hong Wu reviving Confucianism. Zheng He led maritime expeditions, but China became isolated post-1433.

Renaissance: Originated in Northern Italy post-Bubonic Plague, marked by cultural flourish under the Medici family. Key figures: Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Northern Renaissance was more secular, with Machiavelli and Shakespeare contributing.

Reformation Context: Roman Catholicism faced challenges from corruption; Martin Luther's 'Ninety-Five Theses' and the rise of Protestantism (Calvinism).

Absolute Monarchs: Total control, often claiming divine right; notable rulers included Henry IV and Louis XIV in France, Charles V in Spain, and Peter the Great in Russia, who modernized the nation.

Japan: Controlled by the Tokugawa Shogunate, which isolated the nation while maintaining a hierarchical order.