World History Vocabulary (1200-1900)

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry (1200-1450)

Big Idea #1: Song China

Song China maintained and justified its rule through Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy.
Buddhism continued to shape China’s society.
The Song economy flourished during this period.
- Civil Service Exam: Expansion of the civil service exam based on Confucian beliefs to work in the imperial bureaucracy.
  - Created order and stability and a system of meritocracy.
- Buddhism: Result of outside influence (in India).
  - Theravada Buddhism: Focused on personal/spiritual growth; prominent in Southeast Asia.
  - Mahayana Buddhism: Focused on spiritual growth of all things; prominent in China and Korea.
  - Tibetan Buddhism: Emphasized outward nature/influence.
  - Zen Buddhism: A syncretic faith that synchronized Buddhism and Confucianism.
- Filial Piety: Organizational structure of the family and society based on the obligation of obedience to one’s parents (hierarchical).
- Footbinding: Practice among young girls (upper class) where feet were bound tightly.
  - Sign of high social status.
- Song Economy: Flourished positively.
  - Champa Rice: Harvested several times a year and expanded agricultural production.
    - Increased population.
  - Grand Canal: Facilitated trade and made China the most prosperous trading center in the world.
  - Tribute System.

Big Idea #2: Islamic Political Entities

As the Abbasid Caliphate was falling apart, new Islamic political entities emerged.
These entities engaged in significant expansion while fostering intellectual innovations.
- New Sultanates: Delhi Sultanate and Mamluk Sultanate emerged.
  - Both were mainly composed of Turkic people, not Arabs.
  - Relied on the same practices to govern as the Abbasid Caliphate.
- Spread of Islam:
  - Military expansion.
  - Merchants: Traveled to different trading ports like West Africa, facilitating conversion through trade relationships.
    - Provided literate officials and religious legitimacy to the state.
  - Missionary activities (e.g., Sufis).
    - Emphasized internal experience of the believer to connect with Allah.
    - Adapted to local forms and cultures in other areas.
- Intellectual Innovations and Transfers:
  - Algebra, Trigonometry.
  - Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.
  - A’ishah al-Ba’uniyya: Poet; innovation in literature.
  - Adapted and adopted papermaking from China.
  - Used and preserved knowledge from the past, such as from the Greeks and Indians.

Big Idea #3: Influence of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam in South and Southeast Asia

Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam deeply influenced state building in South and Southeast Asia.
- South Asia:
  - Delhi Sultanate (sultanate = Islamic Empire).
    - Established in northern India.
    - Constant tension between Hinduism and Islam.
    - Muslims imposed tax, $jizya$ , on non-Muslims.
    - Hinduism and Islam were opposites (monotheistic vs. polytheistic; caste system vs. equality).
    - Bhakti Movement: Mystical movement of Hinduism (similar to Sufis).
      - Strong attachment to a certain deity.
      - Like Sufis, helped spread Hinduism because it could conform to other cultures.
- Southeast Asia:
  - Instrumental in trade in sea-based empires.
    - Merchants spread Hinduism and Buddhism to kingdoms.
    - Srivijaya Kingdom: Hindu; prospered by taxing ships.
    - Majapahit Kingdom: Buddhist; prospered by controlling sea routes.
- Land-Based Empires:
  - Khmer Empire: Complex irrigation, drainage system, began as Hindu and then changed to Buddhism.
    - Angkor Wat.

Big Idea #4: Civilizations of the Americas

The various civilizations of the Americas developed strong states, large urban centers, and complex belief systems.
- Cahokia:
  - Had a rigid caste system.
  - Mississippian Culture.
  - Built massive mounds.
- Aztecs/Mexicas:
  - Tenochtitlán (capital; present-day Mexico).
  - Had marketplaces and a big city.
  - Tribute system: Goods and services to the conquering land.
    - Exercised political dominance without being in the land; consolidated power.
- Inca:
  - Large land.
  - Mita system.
    - People were mandated to perform public service (state-sponsored service like roads).

Big Idea #5: African State Building

African state building was facilitated through participation in trade networks and religions.
- Great Zimbabwe:
  - Prospered from trade (gold).
  - Participation in the Indian Ocean Trade Route connected them to East, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
  - $Swahili$ : Bantu + Arabic language.
    - Africans trading with Muslims.
  - Overgrazing led to abandonment.
- African state building never had a strong centralized state over a territory; organized by kinship-based communities.
  - Men did jobs like blacksmiths.
  - Women did agriculture and gathering.

Big Idea #6: State Building in Europe

State building in Europe was characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies.
- Religion:
  - The Roman Catholic Church was in power (continuity); universities were in the church.
  - Muslims in Spain and some Jews.
    - Shaped European society; Europeans desired what Muslims were trading, and Jews served as middlemen.
- Feudalism: Loyalty between classes based on land-ownership (strict hierarchical system).
  - The bottom was the serfs/peasants who tended the land.
  - Decentralized.
  - Three-field system (innovation): Divided fields into 3 and planted in 2 of them, leaving one fallow (nutrients grow stronger, don’t have to move anywhere).
    - More food, more people.
- 1000-1450: Political decentralization —>
  - Rise of monarchs: Consolidated power and took away from lords.

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange (1200-1450)

Big Idea #1: Innovations Expanded Trade Routes

Strong empires promote and facilitate trade.
- Paper money from China.
- Innovations of early banks (bills of exchange).
- Italy becomes an important city, gaining wealth and influence.
- Caravanserai: A roadside inn/motel on Silk Road & Trans-Saharan routes, a resting stop for merchants.
- Song China expanded universities and got rid of curfews, promoting intermixing and trade.
- Abbasid Caliphate: The House of Wisdom (Baghdad) invited scholars to help translate material (Algebra).
- Promoted scholarship.
Silk Road: Primarily luxury goods.
Trans-Saharan Trade: Gold, slave trade, salt, horses.
- Used camels.
- Camel saddles were invented (technology).
Indian Ocean Trade Network:
- Could carry tons of stuff.
  - Lateen sail, junk (China).
  - Compass, astrolabe.
- Motivated the West to try to get to the East/Pacific.

Big Idea #2: Rise of New States on Trade Routes

Individual states rose on key points of those trade routes, like coastal cities (Swahili).
- Causes mixing
Rise of independent city-states like Medici.
Gujarats became powerful in India.
Central Asia: Kashgar and Samarkand.
Timbuktu in Mali rose.
Island nations rose:
- Majapahit: Controlled a strait even though they were one little island.
  - Didn’t have to farm or produce; gained power by controlling land and people.
  - Worked with sea nomads to guide ships into the strait to tax them.
  - Controlled the strait and made them pay a tax.
  - Didn’t directly control, but gained influence over the islands.
  - Similar to Europeans (Portugal).
Mongols: Nomadic group connected trade routes and conquered a massive land-based empire.
- Sponsored tons of innovation.
- Cannons invented to help conquer people.
- Created a ton of cultural diffusion.

Big Idea #3: Cultural Diffusion

When people move, they bring their culture with them.
- People traveled:
  - Ibn Battuta: Muslim scholar from Morocco who explored Dar al-Islam.
    - Documented Islamic civilizations and Asia and how they practiced Islam.
    - Some were matriarchal and Islamic.
  - Mansa Musa:
    - Pilgrimage to Mecca.
    - Had so much gold that Italian cities started to build cities in Africa.
    - Tales about gold led to exploration of Africa.
  - Marco Polo:
    - Mongols tolerant and open.
    - Arrived to Khubilai Khan in Yuan Dynasty.
    - Wrote about his journeys and the Mongols.
    - Mongols were open to different people.
  - Crusades: Christians going to the Holy Land to recapture it from Muslims.
    - Failed, but Europeans gained lots of knowledge from Arabs and brought it back with them to Europe.
    - Catholic Church didn’t support the new ways (numerals).
- Syncretism:
  - Swahili (Bantu + Arabic).
  - Mongols didn’t have their own script:
    - Adopted Uighers (Muslims) script.
  - Islam spreads through trade, especially in Africa.
    - Conquered like Delhi Sultanate.
  - Usually, backlash from traditional culture (Bhakti Movement like the Protestant Reformation).
  - Buddhism in China:
    - Neo-Confucianism.
    - The Song didn’t like it because they based on Confucianism and were scared they were going to go to Buddhism.
    - Combined Confucianism and mixed Buddhism and Daoism.

Big Idea #4: Exchange Led to Population Change

Champa Rice (tributary payment) to China —> population boom.
- More agricultural production let people do other stuff and not worry (eases the burden of agricultural work, and people can be more innovative and educated because of a stable food supply).
Bananas from Indonesia to Africa.
- Yam was the original plant but grown in a specific area and didn’t grow very well.
- Bananas allowed Africans to travel everywhere.
Europe - the failed Crusades and feudalism.
- The Black Death from the Mongols broke apart traditional medieval structures and led to something new.
- Chinese innovations: They perfected gunpowder, compass, and paper.
- Europe was not doing very well, but now they have everything they need to explore the world and were more motivated (Gold in the Sahara Desert and in Asia).

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires (1450-1750)

Big Idea #1: Gunpowder Empires

(Gunpowder) Empires use gunpowder to expand.
- Ottomans (Sunni) vs. Safavid (Shi’a) conflicts.
- In conflict for religious and religious reasons.
- Used gunpowder to expand and conquer.

Big Idea #2: Administration Through Religion, Art, and Taxes

Empires administered through religion, art, and taxes (and putting people in the government).
Through art and architecture (Palace of Versailles, Taj Mahal, St. Basil’s Cathedral).
Through religion (and art).
Tax farming to make money for the empire.
Examples: Manchu Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, Safavid Empire, Mughal Empire, Tokugawa Shogunate, Aztecs.
Putting people in the government:
- Devshirme: Blood tax where individuals were raised to be Janissaries or scholars and converted to Islam (how they put people in their government).
- China: Civil service exam to put people in their government.
People amazed at monumental structures, which showcases power (doesn’t need forts to showcase power).
Legitimized power by divine right, religion, and tax collection.
Ottomans were multicultural (which led to revolutions because of nationalism).
Akbar in the Mughal Empire was very tolerant (which got more people to trade there).

Big Idea #3: Empires, Belief Systems, and Battles

Empires used belief systems and also battled because of them.
- Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation (split between Catholic and Protestants).
  - Similar to Ottomans (Sunni) and Safavids (Shi’a) rivalry.
- Sikhism in India (brand new) —> syncretism (Muslim and Hinduism).
- Mughal Empire - Muslim ruling over Hinduism majority.

Unit 4: Maritime Empires (1450-1750)

Big Idea #1: Maritime Technology

New and updated maritime technology facilitated transoceanic trade and the development of sea-based empires.
- Europe was struggling at the end of the last unit, but now new technology helps them establish maritime empires.
- Technology/knowledge was borrowed and updated from other people and made their own new technology.
  - Borrowed: Europeans were borrowing from classical texts and ideas, Islamic texts and ideas, and Asian texts.
    - Astrolabe (Greeks and Muslims).
    - Magnetic compass (Chinese).
    - Lateen sail (triangular sail, from merchants in the Mediterranean).
      Took wind from both sides.
  - New Technology - Europeans made their own.
    - Portuguese made the caravel:
      Smaller, quicker, more navigable, nimble, used square and lateen sails, and had a good cargo hold.
    - Dutch made the fluyt:
      Lots of cargo space, allowed the Dutch VOC (DEIC) to dominate sea trade.
      Built by the Dutch East India Company - a trading company in India.

Big Idea #2: European State-Sponsored Exploration

European state-sponsored exploration led to a rapid expansion of trade and trans-Atlantic contact with the Americas.
- Reasons:
  - Wealth building
  - Christianity spreading
  - Competition with other states
  - Wealth Building:
    - Wanted access to the Indian Ocean trade and wanted spices in Asia.
      The Muslims controlled land-based routes and couldn’t enter there through land; Europeans try to go by water rather than land.
  - Spread of Christianity:
    Christianity was tied to the political structure.
  - Competition with other states:
  - Portuguese:
    - Established an empire —> trading-post empire (not a traditional empire).
      - Made up of small posts around the African post and the Indian Ocean.
      - Goal was to possess a complete monopoly of spice trade.
  - Spain:
    - Monarchs (Ferdinand and Isabella) sponsored Christopher Columbus (1492).
      - Wanted him to sail west and seek a waterway to Asia.
      - Landed in the islands of the Americas (Caribbean).
      - The effect of his exploration was that it drastically increased the interest in trans-Atlantic trade and exploration.

Big Idea #3: Colombian Exchange

The Colombian Exchange was the transfer of animals, plants, foods, and diseases from Europe to the Americas. One result: Europeans sought to colonize the Americas.
- Crops:
  - (America to Europe) potatoes, maize.
  - (Europe to Americas) wheat and rice.
  - Enslaved Africans brought okra and rice from the slave trade.
    Afro-Eurasians expanded their diets and got more healthier, and lifespans increased.
- Animals:
  - (A to E) turkeys,
  - (E to A) cattle, pig, horses.
- Diseases:
  - (E to A) smallpox.
- Cash crops grown to be sold in distant markets.
  - Tobacco, indigo, cotton.

In Brazil, it was sugar cane. Tropical climate, vast land.
Forcing coerced labor (native) but died from diseases; therefore, replaced them with African slaves for labor (ex. Congo, Swahili Coast).

Big Idea #4: Maritime Empires and Labor Systems

With transoceanic contact established, European states established empires fueled by mercantilist economic policy and coerced labor systems.
- Africans perceived Portuguese as intruders who were trying to establish trading posts.
  An example of a counterargument is Ashanti grew from Portuguese.
- Many tried to put more restrictive policies.
  - Tokugawa Shogunate:
    Many took in and tried to destroy Buddhist temples and Japanese tried to stop Europeans.
- British:
  - Established trading posts in India (via the BEIC).
  - Hindus and Muslims were in tension.
  - The British had control over all of the India continent.
- Spain:
  - Came to Latin America
    Aztec and Incan Empires collapsed quickly because of new diseases.
    Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portuguese to get West of Brazil.
    Spain’s goal was to plunder lands for gold and silver but realized they came in agriculture.
    Encomienda system: Coerced labor system by the Spanish made indigenous people work at plantations (similar to the manorial system but harsher).
    Hacienda system: Land granted to important people (continuity).
    Spanish had lots of silver (Potosi, Bolivia).
    Took the mita system from Incans and transformed it into a system of coerced labor (young men had to work labor in silver mines).
    Economic system of mercantilism is increasing.
    Only so much wealth and someone will get more and someone will get less.
    Wanted a lot of gold and silver (determined wealth).
    Established colonies so they would enrich the homeland.
    Driven Spanish efforts to mine silver.
The Indian Ocean Trade has been established for a long time and absorbed the small changes.
- The Portuguese came and disrupted the network.
  - Used military superiority to dominate trade posts.
    Thought trade networks still had to tax and develop trade relations. .
Enslaved African laborers
- Used indigenous people in forced labor systems, but the problems are the natives died and ran away and knew the land better.
  - Turned to Africa to replace natives for enslaved African labor.
    Middle Passage - many died on the ships from starvation and disease.
  - Effect - century-long population decline in some African states
    Africans when they came over affected societies and enriched the language and culture.

Big Idea #5: Changing Economies and Societies

The development of maritime empires over time significantly changed the economies and societies in which they were established.
Joint-Stock Companies (innovation)
Joint-Stock Companies (innovation) that made people invested and had lots of people invested a lot of money in the company.
* Everyone had liabilities and didn't lose that much and benefits if it goes well.
Dutch, English, French develop The British East India Company and Dutch VOC (Dutch East India Company) that allowed continue exploration with limited risks
Economic Disputes Moroccan conflict with the Songhai Empire- the Moroccans defeated Portuguese but left them broke and traveled to invade Songhai Empire (successful, but difficult to maintain power of large lands

Big Idea #6: Resistance to Colonialism

As states imposed their cultural, political, and economic will on various colonized and enslaved people, resistance occurred.
Maratha rebelled because of invasion of beliefs and persecution. Brought Mughal Empire to an end.
Pueblo Revolt (Southwest US) The Spanish section of Americas were Pueblo and Apache Indians were tired being forced on conversion Killed hundreds of Spanish and missionaries and burned churches but Successful initialy, but Spanish put them down later
Stono Rebellion - Rebellion of African slaves in the US Killed white people. Were defeated but there was resistance

Big Idea #7: Social Changes

Social categories, roles, and practices were both maintained and underwent significant changes during this period.
Maintained, Qing Dynasty (Manchus) which isn't chinese yet still Maintained some Chinese institutions like civil service exam, imperial bureaucracy and But had some restrictions on the native Chinese where Government workers had to wear hair in Manchurian styles. So, Hans hated it.
Changed Spanish Colonialism.
Changes: Casta System in Spanish which
A social hierarchy based on race and ancestry that was Diversification of the population (Africans and Natives)and structured societies
Peninsulares, Creoles, Castas (mix race), and there's Mestizos (Euro and Native), Mulattos (Euro and African), and Zambos (Native and African)

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

Big Idea #1: The Enlightenment

New ways of thinking embodied in the Enlightenment created the occasion for reform and revolution. Europeans movement that shifted from belief to imperial data and observation Moved from feeling to thinking and undermined divine revelation as truth
Natural rights (John Locke) : People just by being humans have been endowed with rights like Life, liberty, and property When humans have natural rights, that means rights aren’t given by government and can’t be removed Social Contract- power to govern is in the name of the people and enter to a social
Social Contract with the government which say Give up some rights so government can protect and If doesn’t do it, then overthrow Movements like abolition and women’s rights - Seneca Falls Convention - Mary Wollstonecraft - Women’s suffrage (right to vote) - Declaration of Sentiments and Abolitionists, Slave Trade was abolished, and Serfdom was abolished

Big Idea #2: Revolutions

The ideas of the Enlightenment, combined with rising nationalism, led to various revolutions throughout the world. Nationalism Colonialism increased the thought of nationalism American Revolution (this sets off other revolutions)
Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence) which was social contractGrowing sense of nationalism due to the oppressive policies
Inspired Latin America, French, and Haitian based on Enlightenment principles like France, Thomas Jefferson (Declaration of Independence) which was social contract.Growing sense of nationalism due to the oppressive policies and Latin America and Simone Bolivar’s letter from Jamaica

Big Idea #3: The Industrial Revolution in Britain

The industrial revolution began in Britain and would eventually transform the world.
Why Britain?
- Great proximity to waterways.
- Significant amount of resources from colonies and around the world.
- Urbanization.
  - Crop rotation, seed drill.
  - People live longer and increase.
- Legal protection of private property.
  - Patents.
- Accumulation of capital.
Rise of Factory Systems (also improvement of agricultural).
- Had to be near waterways (water frame) to power machines.
- Later to steam engine.
- Huge explosion in production —> mass production.
- Emphasized textiles.
- Europe began to be the powerhouse of the world.
- Unskilled workers can produce these instead of skilled labors.
  - Division of labor.

Big Idea #4: Decline of Manufacturing in Middle East and Asia

As western industrialization spread, Middle Eastern and Asian countries’ share in global manufacturing declined.
Spreads everywhere and Especially US because of immigrants to come to America, Many came to urban centers and had a lot of workers to industrialize and Russia - Trans-Siberian Railroad and Japan industrial defensively and understood about industrial because of China loosing To protect traditional customs and not western like, Meiji Restoration & Iwakura Mission and India - textiles manufacturing.
flourished and British felt pressured and tried to tell the company to tax and which made it go down.

Big Idea #5: New Technology

The advent of new technology fundamentally changed the landscape of manufacturing.
First - majored in textiles (1750-1830) Second - majored in steel (1830-1920) First powered by steam engine, which required burning of coal and locomotives and trains Second powered by internal combustion engine which ran on oil/petroleum Increased energy level to humans Railroads - In the US, made Transcontinental Railroad to unite the regional economies and truly national markets for goods and Russia did the same and effects are same and for Also for consolidating colonial power in Africa (British) and in Japan (in Korea). Telegraph - communication technology over long distances quicker and more Code code

Big Idea #6: Economic Shifts

Significant economic shifts occurred during this period, including the rise of free market capitalism, transnational businesses, and increased standards of living.
Mercantilism (Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations) Laissez-faire - governments should be hands-off (opposite of mercantilism) Liberation of economy Let consumers make their own choices by supply and demand with would lead the individual and society to prosperity -Mercantilism said there was a fixed amount, Adam said that there is unlimited wealth in the world and you generate. Transnational Organization Unilever Corporation (aBritish and Dutch household goods/ soap factores) in Australia, Switzerland,and the US Increased the standard of living for some people (historical trend) Factories mass produce goods prices go down people can buy it and consume it then Mass and consumption or Middle that happened class the with rises leaisure is culture

Big Idea #7: Reforms

As industrialization spread, it created the occasion for some states to enact reforms. Labor Unions, Factory work is not good because dangerous conditions, Family separation, and Long hours and got minimum wage laws, a 5-day work week, child labor gone, and shorten hours and marxism
- (Karl Marx) - Communist Manifesto -
  Proletariat and Bourgeoisie and Believed that the bourgeoisie was becoming too powerful and left to oppression on proletariat which Lead to communism which is defined by equality and without class
  Tanzimat was Made to industrialize in Ottoman and eliminate weak leadership and unify in Ottoman Empire

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

Big Idea #1: Rationale for Imperialism

*Rationales for Imperialism increase as a consequence of Industrialization because of the development of technology such as weapons like the machine gun and interchangeable parts states.
The United States, Western Europe, and Japan (Meiji Restoration) have Industrialization.
Those weapons are industrialized enough that they have machine guns and use that to conquer in places that don’t have machine guns.
The real reason is for economics and markets for other places social Darwinism - white people take over non-white people
Rationales for Imperialism Rationales for Imperialism: White Man’s Burden - US in the Philippines Monroe Doctrine- White People help the Latin Americas Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 to split up for each European country. - Scramble of Africa European dominance King is Leopoldo in Kongo by Christian Mission with African brutality Expands vs Ottomans
Militarism - guns, ammunition, and gas. To the East by nationalism with the British Raj into India for Open Door Policy

Big Idea #2: Rise of Nationalism

*Imperialism sparks the indigenous to resist and revolt imperialism and colonialism along with the rise of nationalism.
Sepoy Mutiny Rebellion
Xhosa Cattle Killing
Ghost Dance Movement for Trail of TearsThe Maori in New Zealand against the British
Rise of nationalism

Big Idea #3: Global Economy Expands

The global economy expands as imperialism spreads.
Cotton, sugar, guano (bat/bird poop for fertilizer), rubber, wheat, metals, palm oil, meat, and diamonds were founded Banana Republics - ran by the United Fruit company Opium, Britain in Argentina to build ports, and in India a dam to make trade routes