Practice Test for Quiz 6 Notes

Sustentacular Cells

  • Functions:
    • Structural support for spermatogonia development.
    • Formation of the blood-testis barrier.
    • Secretion of substances that stimulate mitosis of spermatogonia and initiation of meiosis.
    • Provision of nutrients to spermatogenic cells.
    • Phagocytosis of damaged spermatogenic cells and excess cytoplasm released from maturing spermatids.
    • Production of androgen-binding protein and inhibin, which regulate spermatogenesis.

Leydig Cells and Myoid Cells

  • Leydig Cells:
    • Located between seminiferous tubules.
  • Myoid Cells:
    • Muscle-like cells surrounding seminiferous tubules.
    • Contract to push sperm and fluid through the tubules.

Male Sexual Response

  • Erection:
    • Results from the engorgement of erectile tissue in the penis with blood.
    • Parasympathetic reflex releases nitric oxide from endothelial cells, causing dilation of arterioles in the penis.
  • Ejaculation:
    • Expulsion of semen from the penis.
    • Under sympathetic control.

Accessory Gland Contribution to Semen Volume

  • Seminal Vesicles:
    • Contribute 60-70% of semen volume.
  • Prostate Gland:
    • Contributes 20-30% of semen volume.
  • Bulbourethral Gland:
    • Contributes less than 5% to semen volume.

Seminal Vesicle Secretions

  • Fructose:
    • Nutrient used by sperm to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
  • Prostaglandins:
    • Contract smooth muscle and increase sperm viability.
  • Coagulating Proteins and Enzymes:
    • Form a clot of semen in the female reproductive tract.
  • Citrate:
    • Used by sperm to make ATP.

Cryptorchidism

  • A disorder in which the testes fail to descend into the scrotum.

Oogenesis

  • Definition:
    • Production of female gametes.
  • Location:
    • Occurs in follicles within the ovarian cortex.
  • Site of implantation of ovum.
  • Nutritional support for fetus.
  • Provides contractions during birth.

Mammary Glands

  • Modified sweat glands for milk production.

Female Perineum

  • Definition:
    • Diamond-shaped region between the pubic arch, coccyx, and ischial tuberosities.
  • Clinical Perineum:
    • Area between the vagina and anus.
    • Often the site of incision (episiotomy) during childbirth.

Uterus Layers

  • Perimetrium:
    • Outermost serous layer.
  • Myometrium:
    • Thick middle smooth muscle layer.
  • Endometrium:
    • Innermost mucous layer.

Male Urethra

  • Prostatic Urethra:
    • Surrounded by the prostate gland.
  • Spongy Urethra:
    • Passes through the penis and ends at the external urethral orifice.
  • Membranous Urethra:
    • Passes through the external urethral sphincter.

Male External Anatomy

  • Prepuce:
    • Foreskin covering the glans penis, often removed during circumcision.
  • Glans Penis:
    • Enlarged end of the penis.
  • Root:
    • Connects to the pelvic bones.

Spermatogenesis

  • Spermatogonia:
    • Stem cells that begin spermatogenesis through mitosis.
  • Primary Spermatocytes:
    • Develop from spermatogonia through mitosis.
  • Secondary Spermatocytes:
    • Develop from primary spermatocytes via meiosis I.
  • Spermatids:
    • Develop from secondary spermatocytes via meiosis II.

Spermiogenesis

  • Definition:
    • Maturation process of spermatids into spermatozoa.
  • Process:
    • Spermatids elongate and shed excess cytoplasm.
    • The acrosome forms over the nucleus to assist in fertilization.
    • Sperm remains connected to sustentacular cells.

Emission and Expulsion

  • Movement of sperm, testicular fluids, and secretions from the prostate gland and seminal vesicles into the urethra.

Female Reproductive Anatomy

  • Ovary is main female gonad

Uterine Tubes

  • Isthmus:
    • Connects the uterine tube to the uterus.
  • Ciliated Fimbriae:
    • Cover the ovary at the end of the infundibulum.
  • Ampulla:
    • Fertilization usually occurs in the ampulla.

Penile Blood Flow During Erection

  • Blood from the testicular arteries fills the vascular spaces of the corpora cavernosa of the penis, not the corpus spongiosum.

Prostate Gland Secretions

  • Secretions:
    • Citrate
    • Prostate-specific antigens and enzymes
    • Antimicrobial chemicals
  • Fructose
    • Fructose is secreted by seminal vesicles and citrate by the prostate gland.

Ploidy of Spermatogenic Cells

  • Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes are diploid (2n).
  • Secondary spermatocytes and spermatids are haploid (n).

Clitoris

  • Definition:
    • Small structure corresponding to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
  • Engorges with blood and is innervated by sensory, motor, and autonomic fibers during sexual stimulation.

Ductus Deferens

  • Muscularis of the ductus deferens consists of 3 layers of smooth muscle, not 1 circular and 2 longitudinal layers.

Male Duct System

  • Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra are parts of the male duct system.