Jefferson Through Monroe

Context

• Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)

  • War of 1812

  • kidnapping of U.S. sailors

  • interference with trade

• Market Revolution

  • capitalism / Industrial Revolution

  • growth of manufacturing

• New technologies

  • cotton gin, steam engine

• Political changes

  • new political parties: Democrats & Whigs

  • Universal White Male Suffrage

• Intensification of slavery

Strict v. Loose Constructionist

(how people interpret constitution)

• strict constructionists - favor a narrow reading of Constitution

  • government can only do things document specifically says

  • Jefferson claimed to be a strict constructionist

• loose constructionists - favor an open-minded reading of Constitution

  • Hamilton & Adams were loose constructionists

  • national bank fell under this (it wasn’t clearly stated in Constitution)

Marshall Court

• Power of judicial branch strengthened during the period in which John Marshall served as nation’s fourth chief justice (1801-1835)

• Marbury v. Madison (1803)

  • established judicial review- Supreme Court given power to rule over constitutionality of a law

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

  • upheld congressional creation of the Bank of the United States

• Gibbons v. Ogden

  • strengthened national government power over commerce

• ALL GAVE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT MORE POWER

Revolution of 1800

• Thomas Jefferson lost electoral college by 3 in 1796, his opponent, John Adams, enacted repressive policies like Alien and Sedition Acts

• Democratic-Republican societies were banned by Federalists

• Democratic-Republicans turned political tide & overthrew tyrant

Louisiana Purchase

• Constitution didn’t state that government can’t use public money to buy land; Jefferson did it anyways despite his strict constructionist beliefs

• Doubled the size of the U.S.

• 3 ¢ per acre for 820,000 mi²

  • greatest land bargain in U.S. history!

• Provided powerful force for Westward Expansion

Foreign Policy

• Two primary influences of U.S. foreign policy

  1. presidents maintained policy of neutrality set up by Washington

  2. the need to trade with European nations for America’s economic well-being

• Altercations with other countries shook foundations & altered America’s course

Struggle for Freedom of the Seas

• Britain & France at war

  • Britain began seizing American merchant ships sailing to France

  • outraged Americans

• Congress passed Embargo Act of 1807

  • prohibited trade with other nations

  • attempt to punish Britain (no raw materials)

  • American exports fell

  • Embargo Act had little effect upon Britain

  • protesters led the repeal of the act in 1809

• Britain continued to violate America’s freedom by continuing to seize American ships

• War Hawks

  • interested in expanding into British Canada & Spanish Florida

• 1812 → Congress declared war on Britain

• War wasn’t supported by all Americans. Caused dispute because New England was strongly against war, while southern states favored it

Tecumseh

• Shawnee war chief whose life was plagued with loss

  • people were forced west by Native American allies of the U.S.

• Inspired to start independent nation which would consist of Native American societies

• British liked idea of having buffer zone between Canada & U.S., so they supported Tecumseh

• Tribes that joined the confederacy flocked to newly built Shawnee

• Conflict between Native Americans started before war with Britain, but battles that took place in Great Lakes region led the U.S. army towards Canada from 1812 to 1813

• Tecumseh died in battle in Upper Canada in 1813

  • led to confederacy breaking apart, which allowed the U.S. to attempt an invasion of Canada

War of 1812

• Americans looked to take over British controlled Canada

  • Battle of Chippawa

    • 3,500 American soldiers marched and conquered Fort Erie

    • Americans then encountered 2,000 British, Canadian, and Indian forces

    • longest and bloodiest military operation of the War of 1812

• British troops entered Washington D.C. and began setting public buildings on fire, such as the…

  • Senate House

  • President’s Palace

  • Storehouses of military and naval supplies

  • became known as the Burning of Washington D.C.

• British attack Baltimore

  • 5,000 British troops marched to Baltimore

  • Violence and explosions throughout the night 🧨🔥 🌃

  • Dawn of September 14, Americans raised an American flag signifying that they’re not defeated

    • Inspired “Star Spangled Banner”

  • British sailed off

• Battle of New Orleans

  • British launched attack on New Orleans with 7,500 of its soldiers

  • Andrew Jackson got warning of this attack; was prepared

  • American KILLED the British and won

  • Established Jackson as a national hero

Hartford Convention

• Federalists met in Hartford, CT to discuss opposition to war

• Borne out of economic need - Britain was New England’s and the Mid-Atlantic’s largest trading partner

• Topics discussed include…

  • revoking 3/5 Compromise

  • requiring 2/3 majority to add a new state or declare war

  • anger regarding the war, Louisiana Purchase, 1807 Embargo, Jefferson’s use of federal power

  • secession

Fallout

• Andrew Jackson’s victory in New Orleans excited the nation

  • Americans felt good!!

• This war victory led to the downfall of the Federalist party

War of 1812 Effects

• Reinforced American policy of neutrality

• Native American tribes in the west lost their British ally

• American manufacturing began to grow

• Weakened Federalist party

• Nation gained war heroes (Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison)

• Foreign Policy

  • new national self confidence revealed itself in the field of diplomacy

    • James Monroe elected in 1816, replacing Madison

    • John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State for James Monroe) settled border dispute between United States and Canada

    • Quincy also purchased Florida from Spain, which expanded the country and added to security

Monroe Doctrine

• Adams was chief advisor on the 1823 Monroe Doctrine

• Became foundation of the United States’ foreign policy in the Western Hemisphere

• Monroe Doctrine called for:

  1. an end to European colonization in W. Hemisphere

  2. no intervention by Europe in existing nations in W. Hemisphere

  3. declaration that European interference was “dangerous to our peace and safety”

  4. a promise of noninterference by the United States in European affairs and European colonies

• U.S. lacked the needed military to enforce this doctrine

  • Britain still agreed to support the U.S. if this policy was challenged

  • by the end of the 1800s, the U.S. was enforcing the policy on its own

Expanding Territory

• Populating the West

  • victory in War of 1812 secured Mississippi from Britain

    • prompted settlement in areas between Appalachias & Louisiana Territory

  • killing of Recumseh allowed for settlement in Illinois & Indiana

  • land claims in Deep South encouraged white settelers to build plantations in Alabama and Mississippi, connecting Louisiana to other southern states

  • everyone wanted to move west!!!

• Aboliton of Atlantic Slave Trade

  • 1807 → slave trade banned

  • meant that all slaves legally purchased in U.S. after 1807 were born on U.S. soil

  • Maryland and Virginia sold slaves south

  • slave population in the South grew, while Northern States were outlawing society

Missouri Compromise (1820)

• Compromise to keep equity of slave states & free states for new states that are being admitted

• Missouri admitted as a slave state

• Maine is now a free state

• All states above latitude line 36”30’ were free, all states below were slave states

• Pushes debate to be dealt with by next generation (Henry Clay will still be there)

Emancipation in States

• Mass: 1780

• N. Hamp: 1783

• Penn: 1780-1850

• R. Island: 1784-1842

• Conn: 1784-1848

• N. York: 1799-1827

• N. Jersey: 1804-1846

American System

• During War of 1812, manufacturing in U.S. increased

  • factories and production up; politicians made a point to keep this going

• Henry Clay was voted as speaker

  • reestablish National Bank

  • protectionist tarrif to protect American buisnesses

  • federal funding for building up infrastructure

• Canals and bridges built to connect settlements and promote trade

• Southern plantations sold more cotton

• Trend of industrial north and slave-owning south increases

  • divide between North and South widens

• Most of industrialized North will be connected by railroads by 1840

  • South was very limited